Arab Referencial Framework for Improving End-User Energy Efficiency of Electric Power

1. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation
Actions Concept
Opportunities and Challenges
for MENA Countries
Workshop on
National Energy Efficiency Action Plans
Amman, 5 – 6 December 2010
Rafik MISSAOUI
Energy & Environment Expert

2. Content
 Origin of NAMAs concept
 NAMAs concept Overview
 NAMAs implementation modalities
 Opportunities and challenges of MENA region
 Conclusion and recommendations for MENA region

3. Origin of NAMAs concept
United Nation Framework Convention for Climate Change
 Ultimate objective: “avoid dangerous anthropogenic
interferences with climate system” (Article 2).
 Main principle : Common but differentiated responsibilities
 Parties commitments:
 Non binding commitment for industrialized countries to
bringing back the level of their emissions for the year 2000 to
those of the year 1990.
 Non reduction objective for developing countries
 Industrialized countries have to help developing countries to
mitigate GHG emissions and adapt to the harmful effects of
global warming, by providing them financial and technology
resources (Article 4 point 5).
UNFCCC did not allow to reach emission reduction
objective. World emissions have significantly
increased between 1990 and 2000

4. Origin of NAMAs concept
Protocol of Kyoto
 Main dates: Adopted in 1997 and entered in force in 2005
 Quantitative objective: Reduce the anthropogenic GHG
emissions of industrialized countries (Annex I) by 5.2% on average
against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012.
 Legal status : Binding commitment for annex I countries
 Developing countries involvement through the Clean
Development Mechanism :
Annex I countries can purchase Certified Emission Reduction
resulting from GHG mitigation projects in developing countries
(Non Annex I) and count them towards their Kyoto emission
targets.
Two years before the end of commitment period, we are
still far from reaching the reduction objective. The global
emissions have increased by 70% between 1970 and 2004
(IPCC 4th report)

5. Origin of NAMAs concept
Clean Development Mechanism assessment
 Number of registered projects largely under the expectation (Only
2520 projects registered, at the end of October 2010)
 Only few developing countries have profited from CDM (China 42% of
registered projects, India 22%, Brazil 7%, and all Africa 2%).
 Important sectors such as demand-side energy efficiency,
transportation are so far hardly represented in CDM.
 Low capacity of the mechanism to achieve national policy changes
toward low carbon development (project-based mechanism).
 CDM is considered by developing countries to be a complicated
mechanism with high transaction costs.
How to involve efficiently developing countries in
global warming fighting?

6. Origin of NAMAs concept
The Fourth IPCC report
 Global GHG emissions have increased by 70% between 1970 and
2004.
 The Protocol’s target of 5.2% of GHG emission reduction for
industrialized countries by 2012 will not be enough to avoid dangerous
anthropogenic interferences with the climate system.
 Global warming should not exceed 2°C by 2100 to be free of the
danger climate.
 To achieve this goal, the global emissions should be reduced by 50%
by 2050. To this end:
 Reducing developed countries emissions to less than 40% by 2020
compared to 1990
 Limiting the trajectory emissions of Developing countries to
between 15% and 30% by 2020 compared to the business as
usual scenario.
Urgent need for new mechanisms to involve developing
countries at significant level

7. Origin of NAMAs concept
Bali Roadmap – Bali Action Plan
Paragraph 1 (b, ii) of the Bali Action Plan
….(Parties) Decides to launch a comprehensive process to enable
the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention
through long-term cooperative action, now, up to and beyond
2012, in order to reach an agreed outcome and adopt a decision at
its fifteenth session, by addressing, inter alia:
b) Enhanced national/international action on mitigation of climate
change, including, Inter alia, consideration of:
ii) “Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) by
developing country Parties in the context of sustainable
development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and
capacity building, in a Measurable, reportable and verifiable manner
“.

8. Origin of NAMAs concept
Bali Roadmap – Bali Action Plan
 Discussion on new mechanisms (sectoral approach, global
approach, etc.) started in 2005 in Montreal.
 The origin of NAMAs concept is formally the Bali Roadmap,
 BAP involved, for the first time, the developing countries in a
shared vision with the developed countries and in a long-term
cooperation process, based on the fundamental principle of the
UNFCCC, namely “the common but differentiated
responsibility”.
 But, only few information was given about NAMAs in BAP which
gave only some wide principles : Paragraph b) ii of the BAP
Bali Action Plan was a very important step toward new
accord post 2012, but leaves a lot of pending issues…

9. Origin of NAMAs concept
Copenhagen Accord
“Non Annex 1 parties to the convention will implement mitigation
actions, including those to be submitted to the secretariat by
non Annex 1 parties in the format given in Appendix 2 by 31
January 2010, in the context of sustainable development.
Mitigation actions subsequently taken and envisaged by Non
Annex 1, including national inventory reports, shall be
communicated through national communications every two
years …. Mitigation actions will be subject to their domestic
measurement, reporting and verification the result of which will
be reported through their national communications every two
years. Nationally appropriate mitigation actions seeking
international support will be recorded in a registry along with
relevant technology, finance and capacity building support.
These supported nationally appropriate mitigation actions will be
subject to international measurement, reporting and verification
in accordance with guidelines adopted by the Conference of
Parties.”

10. NAMAs concept Overview
What is a NAMAs?
 Bali Action Plan and Copenhagen Accord did not provide a
specific definition of NAMAs.
 The concept of NAMAs can cover any action or measure as
long as it can be shown that it reduces emissions
 In principle, NAMAs can range from individual projects to
national policies.
 This diversity of the concept coverage clearly appears in NAMAs
submissions of developing countries to the UNFCCC after
Copenhagen Agreement.

11. NAMAs concept Overview
Categories of NAMAs
 Unilateral NAMAs: Mitigation actions undertaken by
developing countries with their own resources;
 Supported NAMAs: Additional actions enabled and supported
by technology, financing and capacity from developed countries
(Annex I and Annex II).
 Crediting NAMAs: Some countries propose to consider NAMAs
as a source of carbon credits to allow developed countries to
meet part of their GHG reduction commitments
However, the Copenhagen Accord did not indicate clearly
whether NAMAs are eligible to carbon credits

12. NAMAs concept Overview
Categories of NAMAs
Categories of NAMAs
(Copenhagen Accord)
1,8 GHG Emission
Business as usual emissions
1,6
Unilateral
1,4
NAMAs
1,2
1
Supported
0,8 NAMAs
0,6
Mitigation emissions
0,4
0,2
0
Base Year 2020

13. NAMAs concept Overview
Scopes of NAMAs
Analysis from NAMAs submissions of developing countries to
the UNFCCC after Copenhagen Agreement:
 National emission neutrality targets
 National emission intensity targets: (China targets -40% to -
45% of the carbon intensity by 2020 compared to 2005, India -
20% to - 25%).
 National emission targets in terms of a deviation from business
as usual scenario
 Sectoral emission targets: Sectoral targets may be absolute,
intensity-based (sectoral crediting) or in terms of a deviation
from business as usual scenario (sectoral trading)
 Specific actions at national and/or local level: all emission
reduction policies and measures (PAMs)

14. NAMAs concept Overview
Scopes of NAMAs
Unilateral Conditional to Unclear
support
Target (climate Maldives Bhutan, Costa Rica,
neutrality) Papua New Guinea
Target (below BAU) Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Papua
Indonesia, New Guinea, South
Israel, Mexico, Africa
Korea,
Singapore
Target (below base Moldova Antigua and Barbuda,
year) Marshall Islands
Target (intensity) China, India
Strategies, policies, Colombia Afghanistan, Congo, Ivory Coast, Eritrea, Togo,
specific projects Madagascar, Sierra Armenia, Benin, Cameroon,
Leone, Brazil, Chile, Central African Republic, Chad,
Colombia, Ghana, Gabon, Jordan, Macedonia,
Tunisia, Peru Mauritania, Mongolia, Morocco,
San Marino, Togo

15. NAMAs concept Overview
Scopes of NAMAs
China case
Projection of mitigation emission
in 2020 (G TCO2)
16
13,3
12,2
China case
Réduction of Carbon intensity = 40% to 45 %
1,2
t co2/1000$
1,1
1 BAU emission - 40% of carbon - 45% of carbon
(average growth rate intensity intensity
0,9 1990-2005 = 2005-2020)
0,8 0.75
reduction of carbon
intensity = 40%
0,7
0,6
reduction of carbon 0.45
0,5 intensity = 45%
0,4
0.41
0,3
1990 2005 2020

16. NAMAs concept Overview
Legal aspects of NAMAs
 Developing countries position:
 NAMAs are voluntary and should correspond to the capabilities of
each Party.
 Actions under NAMAs should be in line with national development
priorities, while also reducing emissions (G-77 and China, 2009).
 Willingness to undertake mitigation actions is closely depend on
the effective financial, technological and capacity building support
provide by developed countries
 Position of some developed countries (USA, Japan, Canada,
Austria, etc): At least for some developing countries (such as major
emitters and emerging economies) NAMAs should be of the same kind
as actions by developed countries.
But it is clear that we are very probably heading towards a
non-binding regime for developing countries.

17. NAMAs implementation modalities
 Nothing is clearly defined yet regarding detailed implementation
modalities
 Subject still open for discussions and negotiations during
Cancun COP and further meetings
 However, three principles are already agreed in Copenhagen
Accord :
 The Measuring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of NAMAs
emission impact
 The Measuring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of NAMAs
support
 NAMAs international registering

18. NAMAs implementation modalities
The Measuring, Reporting and Verification (MRV)
of NAMAs emission impact
 The Bali Action Plan has explicitly linked NAMAs to MRV in the
paragraph 1(b) (ii) “Nationally appropriate mitigation actions…in
a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner”.
 Standard of MRV
 A national MRV system for unilateral NAMAs
 A system that depends on MRV International operating rules of
the UNFCCC for supported NAMAs (China and India insist on
sovereignty)
 MRV approach :
 Bottom up assessment (USA position)
 Top down (China position)

19. NAMAs implementation modalities
The Measuring, Reporting and Verification (MRV)
of NAMAs emission impact
Scope Elements for MRV
National emission Inventory of national emissions
neutrality targets Means of neutralization (GHG sequestration)
National emission  Selection of the base year
intensity targets  Establishing total national emissions and national GDP for
the base year and the end year
 Dividing emissions by GDP and comparing the values in the
base and end year
National emission Selection of the base year
targets in terms of a Development of the reference emission scenario (Constant
deviation from intensity, Constant growth rate…)
business as usual  Development of mitigation scenario (modelling of GDP
growth, modelling of the link between GDP and emissions)
Sectoral emission The same than before but at sectoral level
targets
Specific actions at The MRV has to be designed specifically
national and/or local
level

20. NAMAs implementation modalities
The Measuring, Reporting and Verification
of NAMAs support
 Bali Action Plan made clear links between NAMAs
implementation and developed countries support.
 All Parties, particularly developing countries, agree to set up an
MRV mechanism for support provided by developed countries
(financial, technology and capacity building).
 Many issues are still open to discussion in the next COP,
particularly Cancun Meeting Parties :
 How to define the additionality of support for climate as called in
Copenhagen Accord “new and additional”?
 How can climate-related finance be tracked?
 How to avoid the deviation of Official Development Assistance
(ODA)?
 What will be the mechanism of financial resources are allocation
etc.?

21. NAMAs concept Overview
NAMAs international registering
 According to the Copenhagen Accord:
 Non-Annex I countries have to report on the implementation of
unilateral mitigation actions through biannual national
communications.
 Supported NAMAs are to be recorded in a registry, together with
technological, financial and capacity building support.
 Many issues are still open :
 What kind of NAMAs will be registered? Only supported (China and
India position) or also unilateral NAMAs (South Korea and USA
position)?
 What are the form, status and nature of the body that will govern
the register?
 What should be registered? Actions themselves support needed,
emissions reductions, sustainable benefits, etc.
 Would the register be used for crediting NAMAs?

22. Opportunities and challenges of MENA region
Issues for MENA countries
 Promoting sustainable development: An opportunity to integrate
mitigation in development strategies (NAMAs must fit within the host
country's sustainable development).
 Draining funding for countries clean development:
 Parties have agreed in CA for the mobilization of new, additional,
sufficient, predictable and sustainable financial resources
(Paragraph 1, e of the Bali Action Plan) :
 30 billions $ on the 2010-2012 period and 100 billions $ per
year by 2020 with a balanced distribution between adaptation
and mitigation.
 Over the 2010-2012 period, Europe has committed itself to
mobilizing 10.6 billion dollars, Japan 11 billion $ and U.S. 3.6
billion$.
 Profiting from advanced technology: Commitment of developed
countries to transfer clean technologies to developing countries.
 Capacities building: Commitment of developed countries to provide
capacity building to developing countries.

23. Opportunities and challenges of MENA region
NAMAs and National Energy Efficiency Action Plans of MENA countries
 NAEEAPs should be developed under NAMAs, since it can meet
fully the requirements of this concept.
 Need first to define NAMAs consistence by selecting the actions
with a rational methodology and objective criteria:
 Co-benefits of the actions and impact in terms of sustainable
development
 Economic analysis and assessment whether the action is “no-
regret” or “regret”
 Assessment of nationally and internationally financing need;
 Attractiveness for donors
 Potential for leveraging private investments
 Kind and simplicity of required MRV: metric or GHG emission, top
down or bottom up, etc.
 Aggregate the actions in NAMAs: global approach, sectoral
approach, project or program approach, etc.

24. Opportunities and challenges of MENA region
NAMAs and National Energy Efficiency Action Plans of MENA countries
 For each defined NAMAs, the country has to develop the
description document that could be structured as following:
 Country and sector Background;
 Description of the planned activities;
 Rationale behind the activities: National strategy that constitute
the framework of the activities, link to emission reduction, planned
impacts of the measures (direct, indirect, co-benefits);
 Responsibility of implementation;
 Mode of implementation of the activities;
 Schedule of the implementation, including uncertainties and risks;
 MRV: indicators to verify the implementation, framework, etc.;
 Support need in terms of financing, technological and technical
assistance.

25. Opportunities and challenges of MENA region
Example of NAMAs in MENA region: Tunisia
NAMAs selection: Sector screening
Sector Transport Building Industry Diverse Waste
Description Bus rapid Energy audit Promotion of Solar Plan: 40 Diversion of
transit for tertiary cogeneration public-private organic waste
buildings projects from land filling 
Assessment
GHG reduction potential very high medium high very high very high
Simplicity and basis of low high high high medium
GHG calculation
Non-GHG benefits very high medium medium high very high
MRV metric medium medium high high medium
Economic savings due to high medium high high medium
GHG reduction measures
Simplicity of high high high high medium
determination of
financing needs and split
of unilateral and
supported contributions
Potential for leveraging medium medium high high medium
private investments
Donor attractiveness high high high high high
Ongoing no yes yes no yes

26. Conclusion and recommendations for MENA region
Example of NAMAs in MENA region: Tunisia
Installed RE capacity (MW)
National Strategy
wind solar others
Evolution of primary energy
consumption (toe)  Target : reduce by 40% the
primary energy consumption
40 %
by 2030 compared to the
business as usual scenario.
24 %
 RE target: 4500 MW of RE
12 %
for electricity generation
capacity by 2030,
Real consumption baseline

27. Conclusion and recommendations for MENA region
Example of NAMAs in MENA region: Tunisia
Tunisian Solar Plan NAMAs description
 Description of the planned activities: 40 projects in the fields of:
 Solar energy,
 Wind energy,
 Energy efficiency,
 Biogas and studies.
 Rationale behind the activities:
 Existence of active long term national strategy for energy
efficiency and renewable energy;
 Integration of the Tunisian Solar Plan into a regional initiative;
 Emission reductions of 1.5 MtCO2e per year, compared to the
current yearly emissions in Tunisia of 35 MtCO2e;
 Annual energy saving of 660 kteo, which is 22% of the overall
forecast for Tunisia's energy consumption by 2016.

28. Conclusion and recommendations for MENA region
Example of NAMAs in MENA region: Tunisia
 Responsibility of implementation: National Energy Conservation
Agency (ANME). .
 Mode of implementation: mainly by private sector.
 Schedule of the implementation: 2010-2016.
 MRV of emissions reductions: bottom up approach based mostly on
metric indicators (m² of collectors, installed MW, m² of houses isolated,
etc.).
 Support need:
 Total cost: 1 852 Million Euro,
 National contribution: 1 472 Million Euro,
 Need of international support: 371 Million Euro

29. Conclusion and recommendations for MENA region
Recommendations for MENA countries
 Mitigation strategies development
 Sector screening and NAMAs portfolio development
 Capacity building on NAMAs
 GHG emission inventory and national communication development
 NAMAs identification, assessment and development
 Energy and GHG emission indicators
 MRV system setting up
 Fund rising related to Mitigation and Adaptation
 Keeping watch on the negotiations and the prospects of the
concept evolution
 Fund rising: particularly the Early financing (starting financing) of 30
billion $ for capacity building agreed in Copenhagen Accord.

30. Tank you
Rafik MISSAOUI - ALCOR
r.missaoui@alcor.com.tn