This document discusses the history and importance of occupational safety and health. It begins with the earliest known publications on occupational diseases and safety practices dating back to 2000 BC. It then outlines key developments in occupational safety and health laws and regulations over time in Malaysia, including the Boiler Safety Enactment in 1913, the Factories and Machinery Act in 1967, and the Occupational Safety and Health Act in 1994. The document also defines important OSH terms and concepts like hazards, risks, accidents and near misses. It examines accident causation theories and models. Tables show reported workplace accident statistics in Malaysia from 2001 to 2010. Major industrial disasters like Bhopal and Chernobyl are also briefly summarized.
4. Industrial safety started since Hammurabi 2000 BC
1473, Ulrich Ellenborg, German physician published the first
known pamphlet on occ. diseases.
1556, Agricola described the diseases of miners and prescribed
preventive measures
The first comprehensive book on occupational medicine, The
Diseases of Workmen was published in 1700s in Italy by the
“father of industrial medicine,” Bernardino Ramazini.
18th century, industrial Revolution, industrial accident aroused
because people migrating from agricultural to factory
Started from 19th, awareness in OSH increasing to make the
industries more safer work place
5. Before OSHA 1994, no specific act but the acts
related to OSH were gazetted in accordance with
the requirements at that time.
Chronology laws and regulations of OSH in
Malaysia:
Enactment of Boiler Safety (before 1913)
Federal Machinery Enactment 1913
Machinery Ordinance 1953
Factories & Machinery Act 1967
Occ. Safety and Health Act 1994
6. Boiler Safety Enactment
- Scope: Security boiler machine
including machine guards
- 4 states : Selangor (1982), Perak
(1903), Pahang & N. Sembilan
(1908)
Federal Machinery Enactment
1913
- Scope: Safety of engine,
boiler & machinery including
boiler man
- Registration and inspection
Machinery Ordinance 1953
- Scope: Safety of machinery
incl person in charge
- Employee’s safety at
workplace
Factories & Machinery Act 1967
- Revise MO 1953
- Extended the scope to cover health
- More specific
Occ Safety and Health Act
1994
- Cover weakness in other
OSH related laws
- Main OSH laws
- Holistic
7. ACTS AGENCIES
ENVIRONMENTALQUALITYACT
1974
JABATAN ALAM SEKITAR
AKTA PERLESENANTENAGA
ATOM & PERATURAN
LEMBAGA PERLESENANTENAGA
ATOM
AKTA PETROLEUM (LANGKAH
KESELAMATAN) 1984
JAB KESEL. & KESIH. PKERJAAN
AKTA BEKALAN ELEKTRIK 1990 SURUHANJAYATENAGA
FIRE SERVICESACT 1988 BOMBA
8. Occ. Health
The protection of bodies and mind of
people from illness resulting from the
materials, processes or procedures
used in the work place
Occ. Safety
The protection of people from
physical injury in the work place
9. Welfare facilities
Facilities to maintain the health and well being of
the workers at the work place i.e. washing,
sanitation, resting area, drinking water, lighting,
café etc
Accident
Any unplanned event that results in injury or ill
health to people or damage or loss to property,
plant, materials or environment or a loss of
business opportunity or combination
Resulting from series of event leads to incidents
10. Near miss
Incidents that could resulted in an accident
Stats – appx. 10 near misses a minor
accident
Dangerous occurrence
Near miss that could lead to major accident
– serious injury or death
Ex. Collapse of scaffolding or embankment
11. Hazard
Potential of something i.e.
substances, person, activity, process
to cause harm
Risk
Likelihood of hazard to happen and
result consequences/severity
12. Unsafe Act
Act of people(s) that may potentially
cause harm to something
Unsafe Condition
Condition or circumstance that may
potentially cause harm to something
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. What is occupational safety
hazard and occupational health
hazard?
What are the differences
between high hazard and high
risk?
Construction site – high hazard
or high risk?
20. Legal reasons
OSHA 1994 and other laws and regulations
Moral reasons
Accident rates
Diseases rates
Social reasons
Duty of the employer
Duty of the employee
Economic reasons
Lower productivity and loss of revenue
Cost of accidents – direct and indirect costs
Insurance & compensation of worker
21. Ministry of Human Resources
Main authority for human resources
Function - administer and supervise
implementation of industrial communication
system
Govern the policies related to workforce
Consists of
▪ Departments likes DOSH, JTK, MLVK
▪ Statutory bodies likes PERKESO, PSMB
▪ Advisory board likes Majlis Penasihat Buruh
Kebangsaan, Maj Negara untuk KKP
22. PERKESO / SOCSO
Enforce Employee’s Social
Security Act 1969
Function -Welfare of workers
Insurance scheme for workers
23. Dept. of Occ. Safety & Health
Enforce OSHA 1994, FMA 1967 &
Petroleum Act 1984
Function – Ensure safety and
health of the workers and
stakeholders from work activities
26. Events or conditions that are not planned or expected
Unfortunate events as a result of negligence or
ignorance
Events occurring unintentional
Events that occur due to one or more reasons
An accident is an unexpected sequence of events and unplanned occurs
through a logical sequence and by a combination of several historical
reasons cause harm either an injury or illness to people, damage to
property or the environment, accidents, near misses, loss, or a
combination of the above effects
27. MAINTHEORIES -
DominoTheory of Accident Causation
▪ Bird’s Loss Causation Model
Human FactorsTheory of Accident Causation
Accident/Incident Theory of Accident Causation
Epidemiological Theory of Accident Causation
SystemsTheory of Accident Causation
CombinationTheory of Accident Causation
Behavioural Theory of Accident Causation
28. Developed by Herbert Heinrich in late 1920s after
studying about 75k industrial accident cases
Concluded that 88% accident caused by human
error, 10% by unsafe conditions & 2% is unavoidable
Proposed Axioms of Industrial Safety comprises of
10 statement on industrial OSH
He stated that
Injuries caused by action of preceding factors
Removal of central factor (unsafe act/condition) prevent
accidents
29.
30.
31. • Theories and models are not necessarily
reality.
• A single theory may not suit all
circumstances.
• Some theories address particular problems
better than other theories.
• A combination of theories and models may
be the optimal approach toward problem
solutions.
35. Other than chance occurrence, three main
contributing factors are:
Work & its surrounding
Unsafe workplace
Unsafe equipment
Unsafe procedures
Non ergonomics – lighting, design, physiology,
psychology
36. Organization and its related business
Size of organization – accident inversely
correspondence with size of firm
Safety culture
Workforce
Unsafe act
Gender
Age
42. The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a gas leak
incident in India, considered the world's worst industrial disaster.[1] It occurred on the
night of 2–3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide
plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl
isocyanate gas and other chemicals. The toxic substance made its way in and around
the shanty towns located near the plant.[2] Estimates vary on the death toll.
The official immediate death toll was 2,259.
The government of Madhya Pradesh
confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to
the gas release.[3] Others estimate 8,000 died
within two weeks and another 8,000 or more
have since died from gas-related
diseases.[4][5] A government affidavit in 2006
stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries
including 38,478 temporary partial injuries
and approximately 3,900 severely and
permanently disabling injuries.[6]
43. The Chernobyl disaster (Ukraine) was a catastrophic nuclear
accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl
Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine (then officially the Ukrainian
SSR), which was under the direct jurisdiction of the central
authorities of the Soviet Union. An explosion and fire released
large quantities of radioactive particles into the atmosphere,
which spread over much of the western USSR and Europe.
The Chernobyl disaster is widely considered to have been the
worst nuclear power plant accident in history, and is one of only
two classified as a level 7 event (the maximum classification) on
the International Nuclear Event Scale (the other being the
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011).[1]
The battle to contain the contamination and avert a greater catastrophe ultimately
involved over 500,000 workers and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles.[2] The official
Soviet casualty count of 31 deaths has been disputed, and long-term effects such as
cancers and deformities are still being accounted for.
46. Azuddin Bahari, Hanum Hassan &Tunku SalhaTunku Ahmad
(2009); Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan Dalam
Perniagaan Kecil, Penerbitan Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar
Mohamad Khan Jamal Khan, Nor Azimah Chew Abdullah & Ab.
AzizYusof, (2005), Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan
Dalam Organisasi, Pearson Prentice Hall
Ismail Bahari, (2006), Pengurusan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan
Pekerjaan. McGraw Hill
David L. Goetsch, (2005), Occupational Safety and Health for
Technologists, Engineers and Managers, Pearson Prentice Hall
Alwi Saad (2011) Occ Safety & Health Management. Penerbit
USM
Hughes P & Ferret E. (2010) Introduction to International
Health and Safety atWork. Butterworth-Heinemann
NIOSH (2005)Training manual for Safety & Health Officer
Certificate Programme – Module 1. NIOSH