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2. Luzon was originally inhabited by Negritos
before Austronesians from Taiwan
scattered and displaced them. The
Austronesian groups were divided into two
types of nations; coastal lowland states or
highland civilizations.

3. Highland civilizations were based in the mountains
and had built up plutocracies based on agriculture,
such as the Igorot Society which is responsible for
building many of the rice terraces in the Cordillera
Mountains, among the most notable being the
Banaue Rice Terraces. Meanwhile, coastal states
were split among Hindu- Buddhist kingdoms,
Muslim principalities, and ethnoreligious tribes, who
had trading connections with Borneo, Java,
Sumatra, Malaya, Indochina, Bengal, India, Korea,
Okinawa-Japan and China, before the Spaniards
established their rule.

4. ILOCOS REGION
Architecture
Architecture is defined to be the art and technique of
designing and building. The practice of architecture is
employed to fulfill both practical and expressive
requirements, and thus it serves both utilitarian and
aesthetic ends.

5. Vigan, considered as the “Intramuros of the North”,
retains the Spanish colonial architecture along its
narrow and cobblestoned streets known as Calle
Crisologo.

6. This is the interior of the Florendo Ancestral Home located
along Calle Crisologo.

7. Textile
• Inabel is a hand-weaving technique using traditional
wooden looms. The different designs represent
different meanings: the dizzying “Binakol” weave
represents the waves of the sea. They believe that it
protects them from bad spirits.

8. • The Inabel designs are inspired by natural
elements: patterns that depict different
landforms, the colors of flowers and
vegetation, plaid, zigzags, animal patterns,
the ocean waves, or the glittering night sky.

10. Burnay is an unglazed earthen jar with a small opening.
It is used for storage for water and rice grains and as a container
for salt, brown sugar, Basi (local wine), and bagoong (fermented
fish).
Potters mix fine gravel, sand, and ashes and fire the clay to
make the Burnay heavy duty and sturdy.
The designs are simple. Sometimes, curved patterns can be
found around the shoulders of the jar. They also prick the jar with
a stick while it is still soft to make the surface more interesting.

12. -KALINGA-
TEXTILE
The natives of Kalinga are skilled weavers
One of their finest products is their textile which is characterized by red
stripes and white yellow and black geometrical patterns. Kalinga women
wear the wrap-around skirt or Tapis called “Kain” which reaches below
the knee.

13. The colors used in their textile have
cultural meanings: red signifies bravery;
black is for the soil or land; white is for the
flowers of the coffee trees; yellow for the
sand; and green for the mountains.

15. BASKETRY
The basketry of the Kalinga shows their fine craftsmanship.
The Labba is a bowl-shaped basket made from rattan, with
sizes that vary from 20-150 cm in diameter.

16. Tattooing
Tattooing is another form of art of the Kalingas.
Because by tradition, it usually covers the chest and
the arms, it may be considered as clothing and
decoration. It also signifies a rite of passage from
youth to adulthood, a mark of heroism, and bravery,
and one’s status in the community.

18. -IFUGAO-
The term Ifugao means “natives of the Cordillera”.
➢ Sculpture
The Bul’ ul is a wooden sculpture that represents the rice
granary spirits.
It is used in rituals that are performed to call the ancestors to
protect their rice fields from pestilence and to ask for an
abundant harvest.
It is a carved wooden human figure with simplified forms.
The Bul’ ul is usually made of Narra wood, which signifies
wealth,happiness and well-being to the Ifugao.

20.  The amulets of Ifugao are called lingling-o or dinumug.
These are made from jade, gold, copper, bronze, stone, and
other materials. These are fertility symbols worn around the
neck.

21. Batanes
•The Ivatans are the people living in the Batanes
Group of Islands. Their houses have unique
architectural forms made up of limestone walls, reed,
and cogon roofs. The design and materials were
chosen because they are strong enough to withstand
the numerous typhoons and earthquakes that hit the
group of islands because of their geographic location.

23. Vakul is a headgear used by the Ivatan women
to protect them from the heat of the sun and the
rains. The men, on the other hand, wear soot, a
rain cape made from fronds that cover the
upper part of the body down from the neck.
This special clothing is made up of woven fibers
of the Vuyavuy palm – a plant similar to
coconut.

25. Isabela
Isabela is one of the largest provinces in the
Philippines. It is located in the Cagayan Valley
region. Isabela is a host to several historic
sites, which highlight the rich cultural heritage
of the Isabelinos.

26.  Tumauini Church is a Roman Catholic Parish
Church of San Matias Apostol. This Baroque
Church was built in 1873 and can be found
in the municipality of Tumauini, Isabela.

27. Bulacan
Bulacan arts and crafts include the
Singkaban, pastillas wrapper, fire crackers
and goldsmithing in Meycauayan
The old women cut intricately designed
pastillas wrapper with different linear,
curvilinear, and geometric patterns that depict
local floras and scenes of everyday rural life.

28. Singkaban is the local term for bamboo arches
designed with kayas or wood shaving. These are
used as decorative arches that adorn the entrance to
a barangay or town where a fiesta or any grand
celebration is being held.
Meycauayan, Bulacan is known for its jewelry
industry. Craftsmen fashion trinkets from precious
metals such as gold and silver, and precious and
semi-precious stones, pearls, and diamonds.

29. Pastillas Wrapper Art Singakaban, A bamboo arch

30. PAMPANGA
Pampanga is known for its giant lanterns or
parol. Its special feature is its dancing lights in
several shapes, and colors that form intricate
geometric patterns. The patterns change with
the rotation of a special rotor that controls the
lights inside the parol. The parols are used to
adorn houses, streets, and buildings, not only in
Pampanga but all over the Philippines during
the Christmas season.

31. These are created from steel frames and other locally available
materials. The Pampanga lanterns are progressively developed
as they become bigger and the designs become more
complicated.

32. ➢ LAGUNA
Laguna is a lakeside province rich in natural resources
and fertile soil for farming.
Paete, one of the provinces in Laguna, is famous for its
woodcarving and is considered as the “Woodcarving
Capital of the Philippines”. The Local term for carving is
Ukit. They also produce panels with decorative carvings of
floral patterns and florid geometric designs.

35. RIZAL PROVINCE
• Angono in Rizal Province is considered as the “Art
Capital of the Philippines” because of the town’s rich
artistic expressions that include music, painting,
sculpting, and folk arts.
It is also known for its higantes. The higantes are big
papier-mache figures of humans that represent farmers
and fishermen. According to stories, the original
higantes were representations of hacienderos during
the Spanish colonial period.

37. Papier mâché or paper mache is a
popular crafting technique that uses
paper and a paste to create a
variety of objects

38. TAAL, BATANGAS
• Taal, Batangas is famous for producing embroidered
piña fabric, made from the fibers of pineapple and
woven into a costly fabric. These are used for piña
barong, wedding gowns, and other formal attires.
The Burda, called Calado, is painstakingly made by
three groups of people- the designer, the embroiderer,
and the cutter. The most common motifs for their
embroider are leaves and flowers, which enhances the
fine, smooth, and delicate qualities of the textile.

40. QUEZON
• The town of Lucban, is famous for the Pahiyas Festival
celebrated on the 15th of May to honor San Isidro
Labrador, the patron saint of farmers.
• During the festival, the townspeople decorate their
houses with colorful thin rice wafers called “kiping”- a
ground glutinous rice that is thinly coated
on mature leaves and steamed over low fire.

43. Among the arts and crafts of the Bicol region
include baskets, bags, slippers, coin purses, and
other crafts that are made from abaca and raffia
fibers. The abundance of these natural fibers in
the region allowed the Bicolanos to excel in
weaving. Unlike the Northern Luzon Cultural
communities, their motifs are simple but colorful.