In a huge change in mix in the electric vehicle market and therefore the electric motor market, those small EV motors become a mere 25% of the electric vehicle motor market value in 2022 as the big vehicles, and therefore big motors, become very successful.

1. Electric Motors for Electric Vehicles 2012-2022
Published: October 2011
No. of Pages: 273
Price: $ 3995
Electric Motors for Electric Vehicles 2012-2022. Today, the motors that propel electric
vehicles on land, through water and in the air are mainly brushless because brushed
commutator motors are on the way out. Most of the number and the value of those
brushless traction motors lies in permanent magnet synchronous ones, notably Brushless
DC "BLDC", a form with trapezoidal waveform, and Permanent Magnet AC "PMAC", a type
with a sinusoidal waveform. No matter: they both have excellent performance including
simple provision of reverse and regenerative braking. However, that dominance is about to
change. The main reason is not those well publicised but elusive in-wheel motors coming in
at two to six per vehicle but simply the move to much larger vehicles and therefore motors.
Small vehicles today
At present, half of the money spent on traction motors for electric vehicles concerns very
small vehicles such as mobility scooters and power chairs for the disabled that are so
popular in Europe and the USA, mobile robots in the home in Japan and "walkies" meaning
pedestrian- operated golf caddies very popular in Japan, stair walkers, motorised lifters, sea
scooters that pull the scuba diver and, of course, those hugely popular two wheelers in
China with 34 million e-bikes alone sold worldwide in 2011. Add tiny quad bikes, All Terrain
Vehicles ATVs, go-karts and golf cars and their derivatives. 92% of electric vehicle traction
motors are currently needed for those small vehicles and they are therefore sold
substantially on price.
Big vehicles tomorrow
In a huge change in mix in the electric vehicle market and therefore the electric motor
market, those small EV motors become a mere 25% of the electric vehicle motor
market value in 2022 as the big vehicles, and therefore big motors, become very successful.
For example, the value of the market for military electric vehicles increases over 20 times
as military forces buy battlefield hybrids rather than just small pure electric runabouts. The
bus market value rockets nearly seven times as China, in particular, buys huge numbers of
large hybrid versions as part of its national transportation plan. Better reported is the
burgeoning electric car market where hybrid versions in particular are behind a nearly six
fold growth in market value over the coming decade. All this turns the world of traction
motors on its head.

2. Different motors needed
The electric motors that are required for the bulk of the market by value are becoming
much higher in power and torque. For example, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle AUV -
like a torpedo but making its own decisions - can push 400 kW, a large forklift or bus
delivers 250-350 kW per motor but cars typically need up to 70kW per motor with a low-
cost electric bicycle merely offering a 0.25 kW motor. At the large end, torque from the
traction motor is up to 6000 Nm yet only 0.2 to 0.5 Nm is needed by many two wheelers
and mobility vehicles for the disabled. The heavy end is territory where the asynchronous
motor is winning now that its performance has improved and the cost of the control
electronics has been got under control. For example, the Heavy Industrial category refers to
heavy lifting as with forklifts and mobile cranes and here IDTechEx finds that 89% fit
asynchronous motors otherwise known as AC induction - brushless traction motors with no
permanent magnets. Around 63% of military vehicles and 52% of large buses fit
asynchronous motors on our analysis of 212 electric vehicles, past, present and planned.
Toyota, world leader in electric vehicles by a big margin, is using asynchronous motors for
its forklifts and buses and has now developed them for possible use on its cars, which
currently use permanent magnet motors.
Caution needed
Nonetheless, we must be very careful about sweeping generalisations. Many experts believe
that asynchronous motors will sweep the board at 5kW power upwards. That is tantamount
to saying that they will take over 70% of the traction motor market value because there are
even 5kW motors in golf cars and the smallest leisure boats. Although the enthusiasts can
point to such motors used today in golf cars variants as one example, it is important to
observe the very rapid improvements in synchronous motors including taming the noise and
vibration of the switched reluctance synchronous motors that need no expensive magnets.
IDTechEx does not accept the conflict as one primarily between those using expensive
neodymium magnets and those with allegedly lower inherent costs. In the larger electric
vehicles performance matters more than cost and anyway, asynchronous motors use a lot
of expensive copper and control circuitry.
Performance matters more
The winners in future traction motor markets will win on performance more than price, this
including very different criteria in different vehicles with many problems still to solve. For
example, Boeing has a contract to develop an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UAV that can stay
aloft for five years. It has subcontracted Newcastle University in the UK to create a traction
motor with several times improvement in power- to-weight ratio in order to make this
possible. NASA's dream of small aircraft taking off purely under the power from in-wheel
motors may call for new motor designs as will the thunderbolt of power from regenerative

3. braking of landing airliners that then become electric vehicles while on the ground. Fault
tolerant motors are needed in other applications and while Chorus Motors has developed an
asynchronous one, Protean Electric has announced an equally impressive synchronous one.
Reducing or eliminating the need for water cooling is a welcome advance as yet rarely on
offer with large motors. Working at the more efficient high voltages of 300-700V means less
copper, thinner, more manageable wiring and less power wastage. Not all motors meet
these requirements.
In-wheel motors not as portrayed
We fear that only 2.5% of electric vehicles by land, water and air will have multiple traction
motors in 2022 and that may mean only 5.6% of traction motors sold will be for multi-
motor vehicles - mainly in-wheel motors for land vehicles. That is big enough for two or
three suppliers to make enduringly profitable, substantial businesses out of supplying them
but it is not a primary route to leadership in the overall traction motor business. Of course,
in-wheel motors for single motor vehicles, notably two wheelers will be separate from that
and even more successful than they are today, maybe over 100 million of these being sold -
largely on price - in 2022.
While there are a few asynchronous in-wheel motors, nearly all of the sales of in-wheel
motors concern the usually smaller synchronous versions, so let us now look more closely at
the glamorous world of in-wheel motors, already a huge success in e-bikes, selling by the
tens of millions. Here a warning comes for Mitsubishi deciding not to use its in-wheel motors
in its best-selling MiEV pure electric car because of cost. Currently you cannot have several
motors for the price of one when you want to adopt in-wheel power. While motor
manufacturers hope that a price premium will be on offer where they eliminate transmission
and differential, there are problems of ride to finance and concerns at Fiat, for example,
about wheels jamming.
Wake up time
It is wakeup time for the electric vehicle traction motor industry. Our survey of 123
manufacturers shows far too few making asynchronous or switched reluctance synchronous
motors and larger, high power, motors with strong traction or even exceptionally light
weight powerful motors. There are far too many making traction motors with brushes. In
short, this is an industry structured for the past that is going to have a very nasty surprise
when the future comes. Most of it is not even talking to the vehicle manufacturers that will
spend most to buy traction motors in the years to come. Many think easy money comes
from pursuing the obvious, notably selling to the fearsomely competitive electric car market
where 90% of your customers are headed for insolvency. In China alone, there are over 100
manufacturers of electric cars and none are successful.
Table of Contents

4. 1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1.1.Traction motor forecasts of numbers
1.2.Global value market for vehicle traction motors
1.3.Definition and background
1.4.Shape of motors
1.5.Location of motors
1.6.Unique major new survey
2.INTRODUCTION
2.1.History of electric traction motors
2.2.Types of motor favoured in electric vehicles
2.2.1.Types of traction motor in summary
2.2.2.Asynchronous traction motors
2.2.3.Size and number of motors
2.2.4.Shapes of motor
2.2.5.Synchronous traction motors
2.2.6.Axial flux vs radial flux motors
2.3.Sophisticated motors bridging gaps in performance
2.3.1.Advanced asynchronous motor variant - Chorus Motors
2.3.2.Advanced synchronous PM motor - Protean Electric
2.3.3.Motor position
2.3.4.The relative merits of the motor positions in electric bicycles and e-bikes
2.3.5.Fraunhofer IFAM
2.4.Remaining challenges
2.4.1.In-wheel hybrids
2.4.2.Electric corner modules (ECMs)
2.4.3.SIM Drive in wheel traction
2.4.4.In wheel motors for aircraft
2.4.5.Move to high voltage
2.4.6.Environmental challenges
2.4.7.Many options and many needs
2.4.8.Lack of standards
3.ANALYSIS OF 123 TRACTION MOTOR MANUFACTURERS
4.212 ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND THEIR MOTORS
5.INTERVIEWS AND NEWLY REPORTED OPINION ON MOTOR TRENDS
5.1.Asynchronous vs Synchronous
5.2.Axial vs radial flux
5.3.Who will succeed with electric microcars
5.4.Extending the market
5.5.Barefoot motor ATV motor in place
6.MARKET FORECASTS
6.1.Traction motor forecasts of numbers
6.2.Global value market for vehicle traction motors
6.3.Definition and background
6.4.Shape of motors
6.5.Location of motors
6.6.Unique major new survey
APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY
APPENDIX 2: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY
List Of Tables

5. 1.1.Number of traction motors in electric vehicles worldwide 2011-2022 in thousands
1.2.Vehicle numbers (thousand) 2011-2022
1.3.Number of traction motors in multi-motor vehicles 2011-2022 and percentage of all
vehicle traction motors rounded
1.4.Proportion of electric vehicles with more than one motor 2011-2022
1.5.Number of electric vehicles with more than one electric motor 2011-2022 in thousands
and percentage of all electric vehicles rounded
1.6.Average number of motors per multi-motor vehicle 2011-2021
1.7.Proportion of electric vehicles with one motor 2011-2022
1.8.Number of electric vehicles with one electric motor ie number of motors in single-
motor vehicles in thousands
1.9.Price of traction motor(s) to vehicle manufacturer in $K per vehicle
1.10.Motor market value $K paid by vehicle manufacturer 2011-2022
1.11.Summary of preferences of traction motor technology for vehicles
1.12.Advantages vs disadvantages of brushed vs brushless vehicle traction motors for
today's vehicles
1.13.Most likely winners and losers in the next decade
1.14.Supplier numbers listed by continent
1.15.Traction motor supplier numbers listed by country in alphabetical order
1.16.Applications targeted by our sample of motor suppliers vs market split, listed in order
of 2012 market size
1.17.Suppliers of vehicle traction motors - split between number offering asynchronous,
synchronous and both, where identified
1.18.Suppliers offering brushed, brushless and both types of synchronous motors, where
identified
1.19.Distribution of vehicle sample by applicational sector
1.20.Vehicles with asynchronous, synchronous or both options by category in number and
percentage of category, listed in order of declining asynchronous percentage
1.21.212 electric vehicle models analysed by category for % asynchronous, power and
torque of their electric traction motors and where intensive or rough use is most typically
encountered. The rated power and traction data are enhanced
1.22.Percentage of old and abandoned models in the survey that use asynchronous or
synchronous motors
1.23.Number of vehicles surveyed that have a mention of using brushed DC synchronous
motors, by type of vehicle
1.24.Other motor features declared by vehicle manufacturers
1.25.Number of cars sampled that had one, two, three or four traction electric motors
1.26.Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by
applicational sector, rounded
2.1.2000 year history of electric traction motors and allied technologies
2.2.The main choices of electric vehicle traction motor technology over the next decade.
2.3.A comparison of potential and actual electric traction motor technologies
2.4.Comparison of outer‐rotor and inner‐rotor motors
2.5.Relative merits of the motor positions in electric bicycles and e-bikes
2.6.Extracts from some Azure Dynamics traction motor specifications
2.7.Extracts from some ABB traction motor specifications in imperial units
3.1.123 vehicle traction motor manufacturers by name, country,
asynchronous/synchronous, targeted vehicle types, claims and images
3.2.Supplier numbers listed by continent

6. 3.3.Supplier numbers listed by country
3.4.Targetted applications vs market split.
3.5.Suppliers of vehicle traction motors - split between number offering asynchronous,
synchronous and both, where identified.
3.6.Suppliers offering brushed, brushless and both types of synchronous motors, where
identified.
3.7.Examples of train traction motor suppliers
4.1.212 electric vehicle manufacturers, vehicle examples, asynchronous or synchronous
motor used, motor details where given, motor manufacturer and number of motors per
vehicle.
4.2.Market value split over the next decade between different vehicle categories
4.3.Vehicles with asynchronous, synchronous or both options by category in number and
percentage of category, listed in order of declining asynchronous percentage.
4.4.212 electric vehicle models analysed by category
4.5.Percentage of old and abandoned models in the survey that use asynchronous or
synchronous motors
4.6.Number of vehicles surveyed that have a mention of using DC synchronous motors, by
type of vehicle
4.7.Number of cars sampled that had one, two, three or four traction electric motors
4.8.Summary of preferences of traction motor technology for vehicles.
4.9.Most mentioned motor suppliers
6.1.Number of traction motors in electric vehicles worldwide 2011-2022 in thousands
6.2.Vehicle numbers (thousand) 2011-2022
6.3.Number of traction motors in multi-motor vehicles 2011-2022 and percentage of all
vehicle traction motors rounded
6.4.Proportion of electric vehicles with more than one motor 2011-2022
6.5.Number of electric vehicles with more than one electric motor 2011-2022 in thousands
and percentage of all electric vehicles rounded
6.6.Average number of motors per multi-motor vehicle 2011-2021
6.7.Proportion of electric vehicles with one motor 2011-2022
6.8.Number of electric vehicles with one electric motor ie number of motors in single-
motor vehicles in thousands
6.9.Price of traction motor(s) to vehicle manufacturer in $K per vehicle
6.10.Motor market value $K paid by vehicle manufacturer 2011-2022
6.11.Summary of preferences of traction motor technology for vehicles
6.12.Advantages vs disadvantages of brushed vs brushless vehicle traction motors for
today's vehicles
6.13.Most likely winners and losers in the next decade
6.14.Supplier numbers listed by continent
6.15.Traction motor supplier numbers listed by country in alphabetical order
6.16.Applications targeted by our sample of motor suppliers vs market split, listed in order
of 2012 market size
6.17.Suppliers of vehicle traction motors - split between number offering asynchronous,
synchronous and both, where identified
6.18.Suppliers offering brushed, brushless and both types of synchronous motors, where
identified
6.19.Distribution of vehicle sample by applicational sector
6.20.Vehicles with asynchronous, synchronous or both options by category in number and
percentage of category, listed in order of declining asynchronous percentage
6.21.212 electric vehicle models analysed by category for % asynchronous, power and

7. torque of their electric traction motors and where intensive or rough use is most typically
encountered. The rated power and traction data are enhanced
6.22.Percentage of old and abandoned models in the survey that use asynchronous or
synchronous motors
6.23.Number of vehicles surveyed that have a mention of using brushed DC synchronous
motors, by type of vehicle
6.24.Other motor features declared by vehicle manufacturers
6.25.Number of cars sampled that had one, two, three or four traction electric motors
6.26.Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by
applicational sector, rounded
List Of Figures
1.1.Number of traction motors in electric vehicles worldwide 2011-2022 in thousands
1.2.Motor market value $K paid by vehicle manufacturer 2011-2022
1.3.Location of motors sold in 2022 in vehicles in which they are fitted, in millions of
motors and percent of all motors with all figures rounded. Figures in red refer to high
priced motors and figures in green refer to low priced mo
1.4.Supplier numbers listed by continent
1.5.Traction motor supplier numbers listed by country
1.6.Targeted applications on top vs market value split in 2012 centre and 2022 on bottom
1.7.Suppliers of vehicle traction motors - split between number offering asynchronous,
synchronous and both, where identified
1.8.Number of vehicles surveyed that have a mention of using brushed DC synchronous
motors, by type of vehicle
1.9.Number of cars sampled that had one, two, three or four traction electric motors
1.10.Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by
applicational sector, rounded
1.11.Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by
applicational sector, rounded and percentage spent on their traction motors
1.12.Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by
applicational sector, rounded
2.1.Cri Cri motors
2.2.Multiple electric motors on a NASA solar powered, unmanned aircraft for the upper
atmosphere
2.3.Drop in electric motor for manual car conversion using direct drive.
2.4.Bicycle hub motor rotor left and stator right.
2.5.Axial flux in-wheel motor driving a bicycle and a propeller.
2.6.60/15 kW Chorus Meshcon motor
2.7.Protean in-wheel motor for on-road vehicles
2.8.Innovative electric bicycle motor
2.9.A motorcycle with off-center motor near hub.
2.10.Mitsubishi in-wheel applications
2.11.Construction of an in-wheel motor
2.12.Mitsubishi in-wheel motor
2.13.Lohner-Porsche electric vehicle of 1898
2.14.Volvo ReCharge concept hybrid
2.15.Fraunhofer in-wheel motor on an Artega GT
2.16.Mine resistant ambush protected - All Terrain Vehicle MATV
2.17.MATV structure

8. 2.18.SIM Drive in-wheel traction
2.19.EMRAX 222 Duplex Motor
2.20.Traction battery pack nominal energy storage vs battery pack voltage for mild
hybrids in red, plug in hybrids in blue and pure electric cars in green
2.21.Thruster for Deepflight personal submarine
2.22.Propulsion systems of a swimmer AUV
2.23.CERV
2.24.CERV motor integration
4.1.Other motor features declared by vehicle manufacturers.
6.1.Number of traction motors in electric vehicles worldwide 2011-2022 in thousands
6.2.Motor market value $K paid by vehicle manufacturer 2011-2022
6.3.Location of motors sold in 2022 in vehicles in which they are fitted, in millions of
motors and percent of all motors with all figures rounded. Figures in red refer to high
priced motors and figures in green refer to low priced mo
6.4.Supplier numbers listed by continent
6.5.Traction motor supplier numbers listed by country
6.6.Targeted applications on top vs market value split in 2012 centre and 2022 on bottom
6.7.Suppliers of vehicle traction motors - split between number offering asynchronous,
synchronous and both, where identified
6.8.Number of vehicles surveyed that have a mention of using brushed DC synchronous
motors, by type of vehicle
6.9.Number of cars sampled that had one, two, three or four traction electric motors
6.10.Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by
applicational sector, rounded
6.11.Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by
applicational sector, rounded and percentage spent on their traction motors
6.12.Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by
applicational sector, rounded
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