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Grammar Book


        Sonia Nguyen
             3rd
           SP2H
Table of Content
  Nacionalidad
  Stem changing
  Indirect/Direct Objects
  Gustar
  Negative words/Affirmatives
  Los superlatives
  Reflexives
  Affirmative commands
  Irregular
  Negative
  Sequencing
Nacionalidad                       Cuba           Cubano

Nicaragua        Nicaraguense                     Uruguayo
                                   Uruguay
Costa Rica       Costarricense
                                   Paraguay       Paraguayo

Estados Unidos   Norteamericanos
                                   Puerto Rico    Puertorriquno
                 Estdounidense

                                   Panama         Panameno
Venezuela        venezolano

Peru             peruano           El Salvador    Salvadoreno

Chile            chileano          Honduras       Hondureno

Colombia         colombiano        Espana         Espanol

Bolivia          Boliviano         Guatemala      Guatemalteco

Ecuador          Ecuatoriano
                                   Guinea         Guineano

Argentina        Argentino         Ecuatorial
                                   La Republica   Dominicano
Mexico           Mexicano          Dominicana
Stem Changing
e>i        o > ue       e > ie

Pedir      Almorzar     Pensar


Pido       Almuerzo     Pienso
Pides      Almuerzas    Piensas
Pide       Almuerza     Piensa
Pedimos    Almorzamos   Pensamos
Pedis      Almorzais    Pensais
Piden      Almuerzan    Piensan
Indirect/ Direct Objects

Singular                 Plural
me                       nos
Me                       Us
te                       os
You (familiar)           You (familiar)
le                       les
You (formal), him, her   You, then
When you want to talk about things that people
Gustar      like, change the form or gustar to match the
            singular or plural nouns for those things.

Singular                      Plural
me gusta                      me gustan
te gusta                      te gustan
le gusta                      le gustan
nos gusta                     nos gustan
os gusta                      os gustan
les gusta                     les gustan
Negative Words/ Affirmatives
Affirmatives            Negative Words

algo - something        Nada - nothing

Alguien - someone       Nadie - no one

algun / alguno - same   ningun / nunguno – none,
                        not any
Siempre - always        Nunca - never

Tambien - also          Tampoco - neither, either
To express extremes with most adjectives, drop
                      the final vowel and add the ending –isimo(a).
Los Superlatives      The adjective must agree in gender and number
                      with the noun it modifies


isimo                 isimos
malo > malisimo       caliente > calientisimos
isima                 isimas
larga > larguisima muchas > muchisimas


c > qu      *When the last consonant is c, g, or z,
            spelling changes are required

g > gu
z>c
Reflexives
Me           Te       Se
lavo         lavas    lava



Nos          Os       Se
lavamos      laváis   lavan
Affirmative Commands
 Give instructions or commands to someone by using the Affirmative tu commands of
 regular verbs.
 *Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3 rd house form.*
 Caminar :
 ¡Camina!
 ¡Camina en el parque!
 Comer :
 ¡Come!
 ¡Come toda la hamburguesa!
 Abrir :
 Abre!
 ¡Abre la puerta, quiero entrar!
Irregular
Infinitive   Affirmative tú
             Command
Decir        Di
Hacer        Haz
Ir           Ve
Poner        Pon
Salir        Sal
Ser          Sé
Tener        Ten
Venir        Ven
Negative tú Commands
 When you tell someone what not to
 do, use a negative commands.
 Negative tú commands are formed by
 taking you form of the present tense,
 dropping the – o, and adding the
 appropriate ending.


 Hablo  -es for –ar verbs
 Vuelvo  -as for –er and –ir verbs


Infinitive                Yo Form        Negative tú
                                         Command
hablar                    hablo          ¡No Hables!
volver                    vuelvo         ¡No
                                         vuelvas!
Sequencing
Primero               First

Entonces              Then

Luego/después         Then / after

Por Fin               Finally

Antes de/ después de Before / after

Por la mañana/ tarde/ In the morning/
noche                 afternoon/ night
Preterite & Trigger Words
-Car –Gar -Zar
Tocar     Jugar     Comenzar

Toqué     Jugué     Comencé

Tocaste   Jugaste   Comenzaste

Tocó      Jugó      Comenezó

Tocamos   Jugamos   Comenzamos

Tocaron   Jugaron   Comenzaron
Deber + Infinitive
Yo                    Debo

Tú                    Debes

El/Ella/Usted         Debe

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes   Deben

Nosotros/Nosotras     Debemos
Modal Verbs
                      Deber       Should ought to
 -When verbs are
 used in modal verb   Desear      To desire

 combinations – 2nd   Necesitar   To need
 verb is not
 conjugated both      Poder       Can,could,might

 rather left in       Querer      Want, would like
 infinitive form                  to

                      Saber       Know


                      Soler       Usually,used to
Present Progressive

 -ing estar t “-ing”
 Ar ando
 Er/ir iendo
 3 vowel yendo
Adverbs
 -mente
 Adj make femine adverb(mente)
 -When 2 adverds modify the same verb,
 only
 the 2nd one uses the –mente ending.
 Adverbs – modify the verbs
 Mucho, muy, mal, bastante, bien, ya, tan,
 nunca, Poco, Psiempre, desmasiado

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Grammar book

  • 1. Grammar Book Sonia Nguyen 3rd SP2H
  • 2. Table of Content Nacionalidad Stem changing Indirect/Direct Objects Gustar Negative words/Affirmatives Los superlatives Reflexives Affirmative commands Irregular Negative Sequencing
  • 3. Nacionalidad Cuba Cubano Nicaragua Nicaraguense Uruguayo Uruguay Costa Rica Costarricense Paraguay Paraguayo Estados Unidos Norteamericanos Puerto Rico Puertorriquno Estdounidense Panama Panameno Venezuela venezolano Peru peruano El Salvador Salvadoreno Chile chileano Honduras Hondureno Colombia colombiano Espana Espanol Bolivia Boliviano Guatemala Guatemalteco Ecuador Ecuatoriano Guinea Guineano Argentina Argentino Ecuatorial La Republica Dominicano Mexico Mexicano Dominicana
  • 4. Stem Changing e>i o > ue e > ie Pedir Almorzar Pensar Pido Almuerzo Pienso Pides Almuerzas Piensas Pide Almuerza Piensa Pedimos Almorzamos Pensamos Pedis Almorzais Pensais Piden Almuerzan Piensan
  • 5. Indirect/ Direct Objects Singular Plural me nos Me Us te os You (familiar) You (familiar) le les You (formal), him, her You, then
  • 6. When you want to talk about things that people Gustar like, change the form or gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those things. Singular Plural me gusta me gustan te gusta te gustan le gusta le gustan nos gusta nos gustan os gusta os gustan les gusta les gustan
  • 7. Negative Words/ Affirmatives Affirmatives Negative Words algo - something Nada - nothing Alguien - someone Nadie - no one algun / alguno - same ningun / nunguno – none, not any Siempre - always Nunca - never Tambien - also Tampoco - neither, either
  • 8. To express extremes with most adjectives, drop the final vowel and add the ending –isimo(a). Los Superlatives The adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies isimo isimos malo > malisimo caliente > calientisimos isima isimas larga > larguisima muchas > muchisimas c > qu *When the last consonant is c, g, or z, spelling changes are required g > gu z>c
  • 9. Reflexives Me Te Se lavo lavas lava Nos Os Se lavamos laváis lavan
  • 10. Affirmative Commands Give instructions or commands to someone by using the Affirmative tu commands of regular verbs. *Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3 rd house form.* Caminar : ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el parque! Comer : ¡Come! ¡Come toda la hamburguesa! Abrir : Abre! ¡Abre la puerta, quiero entrar!
  • 11. Irregular Infinitive Affirmative tú Command Decir Di Hacer Haz Ir Ve Poner Pon Salir Sal Ser Sé Tener Ten Venir Ven
  • 12. Negative tú Commands When you tell someone what not to do, use a negative commands. Negative tú commands are formed by taking you form of the present tense, dropping the – o, and adding the appropriate ending. Hablo  -es for –ar verbs Vuelvo  -as for –er and –ir verbs Infinitive Yo Form Negative tú Command hablar hablo ¡No Hables! volver vuelvo ¡No vuelvas!
  • 13. Sequencing Primero First Entonces Then Luego/después Then / after Por Fin Finally Antes de/ después de Before / after Por la mañana/ tarde/ In the morning/ noche afternoon/ night
  • 15. -Car –Gar -Zar Tocar Jugar Comenzar Toqué Jugué Comencé Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste Tocó Jugó Comenezó Tocamos Jugamos Comenzamos Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron
  • 16. Deber + Infinitive Yo Debo Tú Debes El/Ella/Usted Debe Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Deben Nosotros/Nosotras Debemos
  • 17. Modal Verbs Deber Should ought to -When verbs are used in modal verb Desear To desire combinations – 2nd Necesitar To need verb is not conjugated both Poder Can,could,might rather left in Querer Want, would like infinitive form to Saber Know Soler Usually,used to
  • 18. Present Progressive -ing estar t “-ing” Ar ando Er/ir iendo 3 vowel yendo
  • 19. Adverbs -mente Adj make femine adverb(mente) -When 2 adverds modify the same verb, only the 2nd one uses the –mente ending. Adverbs – modify the verbs Mucho, muy, mal, bastante, bien, ya, tan, nunca, Poco, Psiempre, desmasiado