3. Management in Antiquity

16. The Systems Perspective of Organizations Inputs from the environment: material inputs, human inputs, financial inputs, and information inputs Transformation process: technology, operating systems, administrative systems, and control systems Outputs into the environment: products/services, profits/losses, employee behaviors, and information outputs Feedback

21. Where Managers Work Organization A consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals.

22. Types of Managers

23. Management Functions Management Functions Planning Organizing Leading Controlling

24. Management Functions (cont’d) Planning A process that includes defining goals, establishing strategy, and developing plans to coordinate activities.

25. Management Functions (cont’d) Organizing Determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made.

26. Management Functions (cont’d) Leading A function that includes motivating employees, directing others, selecting the most effective communication channels, and resolving conflicts.

27. Management Functions (cont’d) Controlling Monitoring activities to ensure they are being accomplished as planned and correcting any significant deviations.

28. Management Skills Technical skills The ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise. Human skills The ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups. Conceptual Skills The mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations.

29. Allocation of Activities by Time Source: Based on F. Luthans, R.M. Hodgetts, and S.A. Rosenkrantz, Real Managers (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988).

30. Enter Organizational Behavior Organizational behavior (OB) A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.

31. Replacing Intuition with Systematic Study Systematic study Looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidence. Provides a means to predict behaviors. Intuition A feeling not necessarily supported by research.

32. Toward an OB Discipline

33. Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field Psychology The science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals.

34. Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d) Sociology The study of people in relation to their fellow human beings.

35. Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d) Social Psychology An area within psychology that blends concepts from psychology and sociology and that focuses on the influence of people on one another.

36. Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d) Anthropology The study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities.

37. Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d) Political Science The study of the behavior of individuals and groups within a political environment.

38. Source: Drawing by Handelsman in The New Yorker , Copyright © 1986 by the New Yorker Magazine. Reprinted by permission.

39. There Are Few Absolutes in OB Contingency Variables x y Contingency variables Situational factors: variables that moderate the relationship between two or more other variables and improve the correlation.

41. OB Model Individuals Organization Groups/Teams

44. The Dependent Variables (cont’d) Productivity A performance measure that includes effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness Achievement of goals. Efficiency The ratio of effective output to the input required to achieve it.

45. The Dependent Variables (cont’d) Absenteeism The failure to report to work. Turnover The voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization.

46. The Dependent Variables (cont’d) Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) Discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee’s formal job requirements, but that nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organization.

47. The Dependent Variables (cont’d) Job satisfaction A general attitude toward one’s job, the difference between the amount of reward workers receive and the amount they believe they should receive.

48. The Independent Variables Independent Variables Independent variable The presumed cause of some change in the dependent variable. Individual-Level Variables Organization System-Level Variables Group-Level Variables

49. How it works!

50. So what about this class ……

54. Syllabus review……………