References Champ, B.R., Dyte, C.E., 1976. Report of the FAO global survey of pesticide susceptibility of stored grain pests. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series, No. 5, p.297. Collins, P.J., 1996 – 2006. Unpublished annual reports to the National Working Party on Grain Protection, Australia. Collins, P.J., Wilson, D., 1987. Efficacy of current and potential grain protectant insecticides against fenitrothion-resistant strain of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, L. Pesticide Science 20, 93-104. Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Pavic, H., Kopittke, K.A., 2005. Response of mixed-age cultures of phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, to phosphine at a range of concentrations and exposure periods. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 373-385. Collins, P.J., Emery, R.N., Wallbank, B.E., 2003. Two decades of monitoring and managing phosphine resistance in Australia. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, July 2002, York, UK, pp 570-575. Collins, P.J., Lambkin, T.M., Bridgeman, B.W., Pulvirenti, C., 1993. Resistance to grain-protectant insecticides in coleopterous pests of stored cereals in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 239-245. Heather, N.W., Wilson, D., 1983. Resistance to fenitrothion in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in Queensland. Journal of Australian Entomological Society 22, 210. Lorini, I., Collins, P.J., Daglish, G.J., Nayak, M.K., Pavic, H., in press. Detection and Characterisation of strong resistance to phosphine in Brazilian Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Pest Management Science. Nayak, M.K., Collins, P.J., Pavic, H., 2003. Developments in phosphine resistance in China and possible implications for Australia. In: Stored grain in Australia 2003, proceedings of the Australian Postharvest Technical Conference, Canberra 25-27 June 2003. Nayak, M.K., Daglish, G.J., Byrne, V.S., 2005. Effectiveness of spinosad as a grain protectant against resistant beetle and psocid pests of stored grain in Australia. Journal of Stored Products Research 41, 455-467. Schlipalius, D.I., Cheng, Q., Reilly, P.E.B., Collins, P.J., Ebert, P.R., 2002. Genetic linkage analysis of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica identifies two loci that confer high-level resistance to the fumigant phosphine. Genetics 161, 773-782.

1. Insecticide resistance management
strategies in Stored grain pests
N.RAMYA SRI
RAD/ 2017-12
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, PJTSAU ,HYDERABAD

2. 1968
&1972
Tribolium castaneum Rhyzopertha dominica
Rhyzopertha dominica
Tribolium castaneumOryzaephilus surinamensis
1990
1994
TIMELINE

3. 2007
Rhyzopertha dominica

4. Important insect pests of stored grains in India
SPECIES REMARKS
Beetles
Tribolium castaneum Ubiquitous
Rhyzopertha domnica Common in indoor and outdoor stacks, paddy rice in
partIcular
Sitophilus oryzae Occur in wheat especially soft varieties and maize
Trogoderma granarium Confmed to extreme climatIc zones
Oryzaephilus surnamensis Common in grains.
Cryptolestes spp Common in milled rice.
Moths
Ephestia cautella Major moth pest in many godowns
Corcyra cephalontca Occur sporadically in milled rice
Sitotroga cerealella noticed in new arrivals especially in paddy

5. Treatments Species Populacation Types of resistance References
DDT
Sitophilus zeamais
Brazil
Kdr & multiple
resistance
Guedes et al. (1995),
Ribeiro et al. (2003)
Lindane Sitophilus zeamais Mexico
Perez Mendoza
(1999)
Chlorpyrifos-
methyl
Sitophilus granarius Serbia
Kljajic & Peric
(2007)
Dichlorvos Sitophilus granarius Serbia
Kljajic & Peric
(2006, 2007);
Kljajic et al. (2009)
Malathion Sitophilus granarius Serbia
Kljajic & Peric
(2006, 2007);
Kljajic et al. (2009)
Mutations in voltage-gated sodium channels that confer resistance by reducing
insecticide binding and/or via altering sodium channel gating to counteract the action of
insecticide.

6. INSECT DISTRIBUTIN CHEMICAL
CLASS
MECHANISM
Tribolium
castaneum
Global High Carbon
Dioxide
Triacylglycerol reserves
Tribolium
castaneum
Global Carbamates (1A) Malathion Carboxylestearse Non-
specific esterases, Glutathione s-
transferase
Tribolium
castaneum
Global Organophosphates
(1B)
Non-specific esterases Glutathione s-
transferase
Tribolium
castaneum
Global Cyclodiene
organochlorines (2A)
RdL (A302S) target site mutation
Tribolium
castaneum
Global Pyrethroids-
Pyrethrins (3A)
Glutathione s-transferase
Tribolium
castaneum
Global DDT (3B) Unkown
Tribolium
castaneum
Global Phosphides (24A) Reduced uptake and enhanced
metabolism

7. Development of resistance in Tribolium castaneum, Herbst
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) towards deltamethrin in
laboratory
Showing increase in LC50 value in successive generations Swetha et al.,2013

8. Treatments Species Populations Types of resistance References
Chlorpyrifos-
methyl
Rhyzopertha
dominica
Australia
Genetic
Resistance
Daglish et al.
(1995), Daglish
(2008)
Phosphine
Rhyzopertha
dominica Australia
Collins et al.
(2005),
Campbell (2010)
Phosphine
Rhyzopertha
dominica
India
Rajendran &
Muralidharan
(2001)
Deltamethrin
Rhyzopertha
dominica
Brazil
Lorini & Galley
(1998, 1999)
Cineole
Rhyzopertha
dominica
India
Tripathi et al.
(2003)
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Rhyzopertha
dominica
USA
Oppert et al.
(2010)
Phosphine Trogoderma
granarium
Asia/Africa
Bell & Wilson
(1995)
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Trogoderma
variabile
USA
Oppert et al.
(2010)

9. Degree of resistance acquired by the adults of Rhyzopertha
dominica to Malathion and Deltamethrin
Resistance Factor In comparison with
Laboratory Susceptible strain
Name of the strain LC50 (%) LC99.9 (%) LC50 LC99.9
Malathion (50 % EC)
Resistant population 0.0217 3.4883 3.80 2.61
Susceptible strain 0.0057 1.3337 - -
Deltamethrin (2.8 )% EC
Resistant population 0.0345 3.4338 1.60 3.83
Susceptible
population
0.0215 0.8965 - -
Ramesh babu et al.,2017

10. Relative toxicity of newer insecticide Spinosad in comparison with Malathion and
Deltamethrin against resistant population of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica for
its management at 72 HAT
Hours after
treatment
Relative toxicity of Spinosad (45 % EC)
Over Malathion Over Deltamethrin
LC50 LC99.9 LC50 LC99.9
24 1.41 0.88 1.84 0.69
48 1.47 1.09 2.02 0.82
72 1.55 0.93 2.46 0.92
Ramesh babu et al.,2017

11. Occurence of phosphine resistance among
collected stored grain insect pests
Species Screened Found Resistant Frequency of
resistance occurence
Tribolium castaneum 110 110 100
Rhyzopertha
dominica
38 36 95
Sitophilus oryzae 36 26 72
Oryzaephilus
surnamensis
25 22 92
Cryptolestes spp 8 7 88
Rajendaran.,2002

12. Prevalence of enterococci in stored product insects isolated in three localities
s.no Insect species isolated from Total no. of insects (%) of isolates
positive for
enterococci
1. L. serricorne 10 0
2. S.paniceum 23 0
3. P. truncatus 98 33
4. C. ferrugineus 83 17
5. O. surinamensis 32 0
6. C. maculatus 17 0
7. T. castaneum 34 0
8. T. confusum 18 0
9. S. zeamais 2 0
10. R. dominica 12 0
11. Anthrenus sp. 1 0
Total 730 50
Joseph et al.,2017
OCCURRENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI I N SOME INSECTS FROM
STORED FOOD PRODUCTS IN BOTSWANA

13. Antibiotic susceptibility of Enterococcus sp. isolated from P.
truncatus and C. ferrugineus
Antibiotic % Resistant % Intermediate % Susceptible
Novobiocin 100 0 0
Streptomycin 30 0 70
Methicillin 100 0 0
Erythromycin 100 0 0
Tetracycline 90 0 10
Penicillin G 100 0 0
Fusidic acid 100 0 0
Chloramphenicol 0 0 100

14. MANAGEMENT
The increasing problem of resistance to pesticides resulting in contamination
have directed the need for development of alternative strategies
1) Biorational chemicals which have minimal potential for development of
resistance.
2) Biological control agents.
3) Physical and ecological methods (Talukder and Miyata, 2002).

15. Various plant extracts has been found toxic against the stored grain insect-
pests include :
• Neem
• Black pepper
• Peppermint
• Tulsi
• Mint
• Turmeric
• Custard apple
• Cinnamon
• Coriander
• Marigold
• Coconut oil
• Castor oil
• Eucalyptus
• Groundnut oil
• Mustard oil
• Sesame oil
Botanicals

16. • Coriander seed and cinnamon bark exhibits insecticidal properties against S.
oryzae at all levels of treatment but varies with exposure period and powder
concentration (Bala, 2015)
• Black pepper and tulsi leaf powder @ 5g/kg seed provides efficient control
against R. dominica in stored sorghum (Meena et al.,2015)
• The acetone extracts of Adathoda vasica, Lantana camera, Vitex negundo and
Catharanthus roseus have toxicidal and repellent properties, and seed protective
effect to a promising level and can reduce the dependency on chemical pesticides
against rice weevil in stored maize ( Soujanya et al., 2016)

17. • Two major constituents of the essential oil of garlic (Allium sativum L.),
methyl allyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, were found to be potent
contact toxicants, fumigants and feeding deterrents against S. zeamais and
T. castaneum (Huang et al., 2000).
• Xie et al. (1995) reported the repellency and toxicity effects of
azadirachtin and neem extracts on C. ferrugineus, S. oryzae and T.
castaneum.
• Obeng-Ofori and Reichmuth (1997) reported the high toxicity and
protectant potential of eugenol against S. granarius, S. zeamais, T.
castaneum and P. truncatus.
• The essential oil of Artemisia annua L. was found to be toxic and repellent
against T. castaneum and C. maculatus (Tripathi et al., 2000).
• The essential oil vapours distilled from anise, cumin, eucalyptus, oregano
and rosemary were reported to have fumigant properties, causing 100%
mortality of the eggs of T. confusum, and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller
(Tunc et al., 2000).

18. Biological control
• It is not very encouraging in storage godowns
• However, some of the predators and parasites have been
recorded affecting different stored grain pests
Advantages
• Minimal toxic risks to farmers, storekeepers and consumers
• It can be used on organic grain
• Reduced risks to the environment
• Fits readily in to an integrated approach of pest control
• No resistant development
• Able to seek out pests inaccessible to many other methods

19. Parasitoids Stage attacked Insect pest
Habrobracon hebetor Larva Plodia interpunctella
Pteromalus cerealella
Larva
Sitotroga cerealella
Pteromalus pyrophilus Larva
Sitotroga cerealella
Antrocephalus aethiopicus
Larva
Corcyra cephalonica
Choetospila elegans
Larva
Lasioderma serricorne, Rhizopertha
dominica, Callosobruchus spp.
Sitophilus orizae, S. granarium and
Trogoderma granarium
Venturia canescens Larva Ephestia cautella, Plodia interpunctella
Trichogramma pretiosum Egg
Ephestia cautella and Plodia
interpunctella
T. cacoeciae Egg
Sitotroga cerealella and Corcyra
cepholonica
(Jain and bhargava, 2007)
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

20. Name of parasites used to control certain stored grain pest
Name of parasite Family Order Used against stored insect
Bracon hebetor Braconidae Hymenoptera Oryzaephilus sps
Venturia canescens Ichneumonidae Hymenoptera Oryzaephilus sps
Lariophagus distinguendus Ptermalidae Hymenoptera Sitophilus granarius L.
Venturia canescens Pyralidae Lepidoptera Plodia interpunctella
Anisopteromalus clandrae Pteromalidae Hymenoptera Oryzaephilus sps
Anisopteromalus calandrae Pteromalidae Hymenoptera Cephalonomia waterstoni
Peregrinator biannulipes Reduviidae Hemiptera Sitophilus granarius L.
Xylocris flavipes Anthocoridae Hemiptera Plodia interpunctella
Lyctocoris spp Anthocoridae Hemiptera S. oryzae
Amphibolus wenator Reduviidae Hemiptera S. oryzae
Scenopinus fenetralis Scenopinidae Diptera Cephalonomia waterstoni
Ventura canescens Ichneumonidae Hymenoptera S. oryzae
Bracon hebetor Say Braconidae Hymenoptera S. oryzae
Antrocephalus spp Chalcididae Hymenoptera S. oryzae

21. Physical and ecological methods
• Inert Dusts, Sands and Silica Aerogel
• diatomaceous earth (DE) have shown insecticidal and ovicidal activity
against Callasobruchus .
• disinfesting seeds of pigeon pea, as the solar heat-treated seeds remained
free from bruchid damage even after 41 weeks of storage.
• Generally, the combination of low O2 and high CO2 leads to higher
mortality than either gas alone because of the combined effects of anoxia
and hypercarbia (Wang et al., 2000)
• Colorized light and sound trap also control grain insect. Light is used to
lure and trap for flying insects.
• 1MHz sound exposure for 5 minutes can kill all of stages of S. granarius.

22. Phosphine resistance level in Tribolium castaneum collected from UV light
traps before and after fumigation with phosphine in Food Corporation of India
grain storage warehouses at Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Light trap no. Percent resistance (Mean ± SE)
Before fumigation After fumigation
Low
concentration
High
concentration
Low
concentration
High
concentration
(0.03 mg L-1) (0.25 mg L-1) (0.03 mg L-1) (0.25 mg L-1)
Trap 1
Trap 2
Trap 3
Trap 4
Mean
91.49 ± 0.25
88.05 ± 0.39
85.32 ± 0.10
93.40 ± 0.09
89.57± 0.20
64.66 ± 0.30
67.79 ± 0.25
56.38 ± 0.21
60.04 ± 0.12
62.22± 0.22
99.43 ± 0.09
87.45± 0.07
100.00 ± 0.00
94.40 ± 0.18
95.32±0.09
75.84±1.76
82.99 ± 0.77
74.37 ± 0.08
85.39 ± 0.32
79.65±0.73
Mohan and Rajesh.,2016

23. Irradiaton
• It is the practice of applying electromagnetic radiation of certain wavelengths
and energy to a commodity for the purpose of pest control
• Sources of ionizing radiation are from radioisotopes such as cesium or cobalt
• Only a single radiation exposure of grains is sufficient for disinfestations
• Low dose applications (Less Than 1kGy)has been found useful for
Insect disinfestation of stored grain, pulses and products (Tilton et al. 1974)
• while strong inonizing radiation (at a dose of >0.6 kGy) causes sterilization in
stored grain insects.

24. Mean percentage survival of T. castaneum irradiated as larvae.
(Tuncbilek et al., 2003)
Gamma radiation sensitivity of larvae and adults of
the red flour beetle

25. Pusa Cubicle Metal bins
Silos
Improved storage structures

26. Mechanical
measures

27. Behavioral Control by Using Insect Pheromones
• Trogoderma pheromone 14- methyl 8 - hexadecenal is now used to
capture and kill large numbers of Trogoderma granarium.
• wheat germ oil combined with sex pheromone is used to attract and trap
Trogoderma larvae.
• Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), produces an aggregation pheromone
• several species of stored-product Pyralidae respond to the synthesized sex
pheromone (Z, E) - 9, 12-tetradecadien -1 - 01 acetate.

28. Varieties of some crops resistant to stored grain pests

29. Other control measures
• Most popular and most effective
• Spinosad @ 1 ppm (1 mg a.i./kg of grain)
• Surface sprays of bags as and when the insect-pests are
visible are done with insecticides such as primiphos-
methyl, DDVP, fenitrothion etc.
• Allay charging or spraying of allays between two grain
stocks with DDVP @0.05% has been foundeffective
• Spraying dunnage materials and ceilings of empty
godown with malathion50 EC 10 ml/l or DDVP 76 WSC
7 ml/l at 3 l spray solution per 100 sq m.

30. SCIENTIST WORK DONE JOURNAL/PLACE
Karl J.
Kramer.,2000
Transgenic avidin maize is resistant to storage
insect pests.
Grain Marketing Production
Research Center, Agricultural
Research Service, US Department
of Agriculture,
K. Pramod
Kumar
Reddy, B.
U.,2002
Sorghum Resistance to the Rice
Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.): Antixenosis.
IIMR,Hyderabad
P.J. Collins
2006
Resistance to chemical treatments in insect
pests of stored grain and its management.
9th International Working
Conference on Stored Product
Protection
Pimentel, 2008 Resistance of stored-product insects to
phosphine.
University Federal de Vicosa,
Brazil
Shweta Singh,
Sant
Prakash,2013
Development of resistance in Tribolium
castaneum, Herbst (Coleoptera:
Tenebrionidae) towards deltamethrin in
laboratory.
Dayalbagh Educational Institute,
Agra.
Mohan and
Rajesh.,2016
Use of light traps in a phosphine resistance
management strategy for Tribolium
castaneum in Indian grain storage
wharehouses.
TNAU

31. SCIENTIST WORK DONE JOURNAL/PLACE
HC Sharma,
Ashok S Alur,
Ch Ravinder
Reddy,2008
Management of Sorghum and Pearl Millet
Pests in Bulk Storage.
ICRISAT
Sreenivasa
Reddy.,2010
Survey for the incidence of stored grain
pests and studies on the relative resistance
of malathion against sitophilus oryzae in
maize.
ANGRAU
Ramesh babu
,2017
Status of insecticide resistance in lesser
grain borer,Rhyzopertha dominica in
Andhra prades.
Evaluation of spinosad against delamethrin
and malathion in resistance population of
lesser grain borer.
Rice research unit,
Bapatla,A.P
Joseph
allotey, D.
Loeto.,2017
Occurrence of antibiotic-resistant
enterococci in some insects from stored food
products in botswana.
Department of
Biological Sciences,
University of
Botswana

32. Thank you