progestrone , ascorbic acid, aspirin , naproxin

1. Progesterone
Progesterone is the major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the
CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.
Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN.
It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and
the development of mammary tissue for MILK production.
Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate
in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal
CORTICOSTEROIDS.
Therapeutic Progesterone is a synthetic form of the endogenous
hormone progesterone.
Progesterone binds to the progesterone receptor, resulting in dissociation of heat
shock proteins, receptor phosphorylation, and transcription activation
through direct or indirect interaction with transcription factors.
This agent exerts inhibitory effects on estrogens by decreasing the number of
estrogen receptors and increasing its metabolism to inactive metabolites.
Progesterone induces secretory changes in the endometrium, decreases uterine
contractility during pregnancy, and maintains pregnancy. (NCI04)

2. structure

3. Testosterone is a potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the
LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS.
Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY
GLAND.
In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion.
Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to
DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.
Therapeutic Testosterone is a synthetic form of the endogenous androgenic
steroid testosterone.
In vivo, testosterone is irreversibly converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in target tissues
by the enzyme 5-alpha reductase.
Testosterone or DHT ligand-androgen receptor complexes act as transcription factor
complexes, stimulating the expression of various responsive genes.
DHT binds with higher affinity to androgen receptors than testosterone, activating gene
expression more efficiently.
In addition, testosterone is irreversibly converted to estradiol by the enzyme complex
aromatase, particularly in the liver and adipose tissue.
Testosterone and DHT promote the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics
related to the internal and external genitalia, skeletal muscle, and hair
follicles; estradiol promotes epiphyseal maturation and bone mineralization.
Due to rapid metabolism by the liver, therapeutic testosterone is generally administered as an
ester derivative.
Testosterone

4. structure

5. Levothyroxine, also known as L-thyroxine, is a manufactured form of the thyroid
hormone, thyroxine (T4).
It is used to treat thyroid hormone deficiency including the severe form known
as myxedema coma.
It may also be used to treat and prevent certain types of thyroid tumors.
It is not indicated for weight loss.
Levothyroxine is taken by mouth or given by injection into a vein.
Maximum effect from a specific dose can take up to six weeks to occur.
Side effects from excessive doses include weight loss, trouble tolerating heat, sweating,
anxiety, trouble sleeping, tremor, and fast heart rate.
Use is not recommended in people who have had a recent heart attack.
Use during pregnancy has been found to be safe.
It is recommended that dosing be based on regular measurements of TSH and T4 levels in
the blood.
Much of the effect of levothyroxine is following its conversion to triiodothyronine (T3).
Levothyroxine was first made in 1927.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and
safe medicines needed in a health system.
Levothyroxine is available as a generic medication.
The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.58 to 12.28 USD a month.
In the United States a typical month of treatment is less than 25 USD.

6. structure

7. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in
food and used as a dietary supplement.
As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent scurvy.
Evidence does not support use in the general population for the prevention of
the common cold.
It may be taken by mouth or by injection.
It is generally well tolerated.
Large doses may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, headache, trouble sleeping, and
flushing of the skin.
Normal doses are safe during pregnancy.
Vitamin C is an essential nutrient involved in the repair of tissue.
Foods containing vitamin C include citrus fruits, broccoli, brussel sprouts, raw bell
peppers, and strawberries.
Prolonged storage or cooking may reduce vitamin C content in foods.
Vitamin C was discovered in 1912, isolated in 1928, and first made in 1933.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective
and safe medicines needed in a health system.
Vitamin C is available as a generic medication and over the counter.
In 2015, the wholesale cost in the developing world was about 0.003 to 0.007 USD per
tablet.
In some countries, ascorbic acid may be added to foods such as breakfast cereal.

8. structure

9. Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) is p-Aminophenol derivative.
It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS.
It is used to treat many conditions such as headache, muscle aches, arthritis,
backache, toothaches, colds, and fevers.
It relieves pain in mild arthritis but has no effect on the underlying
inflammation and swelling of the joint.
synthesis

10. Side effects : In isolated antipyretic doses paracetamol is safe and well
tolerated i.e At normal therapeutic doses, acetaminophen is virtually free of
significant adverse effects.
Occasionally, Paracetamol may cause following Side effects :
Nausea,
Rashes,
Leukopenia (rarely).
Used as Antipyretic, analgesic agent. It has negligible anti-inflammatory action.
It is suitable substitute for the analgesic and antipyretic effects of NSAIDs for those
patients with gastric complaints/ risks, in those whom a prolongation of bleeding
time is not desirable, as well as those who do not require the anti-inflammatory
action of NSAIDs.
It is the analgesic/antipyretic of choice for children with viral infections or
chickenpox (due to the risk of Reye syndrome with aspirin).
Paracetamol is one of the most commonly used ‘over-the-counter’ analgesic for
headache, mild migraine, musculoskeletal pain, dysmenorrhoea etc. but is relatively
ineffective when inflammation is prominent.
It is recommended as first choice analgesic for osteoarthritis by many professional
bodies.
lt is one of the best drugs to be used as antipyretic, especially in children (no risk of
Reye’s syndrome).

11. Aspirin
Synthesis

12. Uses
Aspirin is used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain from
conditions such as muscle aches, toothaches, common cold, and headaches.
It may also be used to reduce pain and swelling in conditions such
as arthritis.
Aspirin is known as a salicylate and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug (NSAID).
It works by blocking a certain natural substance in your body to reduce
pain and swelling. Consult your doctor before treating a child younger than
12 years.
Your doctor may direct you to take a low dose of aspirin to prevent blood
clots.
This effect reduces the risk of stroke and heart attack.
If you have recently had surgery on clogged arteries (such as bypass
surgery, carotid endarterectomy, coronary stent), your doctor may direct you
to use aspirin in low doses as a "blood thinner" to prevent blood clots.

13. naproxen

14. This medication belongs to a class of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs help reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. It isn’t fully
understood how this medication works to decrease pain. It may help reduce swelling
by lowering levels of prostaglandin. This is a hormone-like substance that usually
causes inflammation.
function
Naproxen is used to treat pain or inflammation caused by conditions such
as arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, tendinitis, bursitis, gout, or menstrual
cramps.
The delayed-release or extended-release tablets are slower-acting forms of
naproxen that are used only for treating chronic conditions such as arthritis or
ankylosing spondylitis. These forms will not work fast enough to treat acute pain

15. Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic that fights bacteria.
Amoxicillin is used to treat many different types of infectioncaused by bacteria,
such as tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, gonorrhea, and infections of the ear,
nose, throat, skin, or urinary tract.
Amoxicillin is also sometimes used together with another antibiotic called
clarithromycin (Biaxin) to treat stomach ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori
infection. This combination is sometimes used with a stomach acid reducer
called lansoprazole (Prevacid).

16. Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone (flor-o-KWIN-o-lone) antibiotic that fights
bacteria in the body.
Ciprofloxacin is used to treat different types of bacterial infections. It is also used
to treat people who have been exposed to anthrax or certain types of plague.
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics can cause serious or disabling side effects.
Ciprofloxacin should be used only for infections that cannot be treated with a
safer antibiotic.

17. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works by
reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body.
Ibuprofen is used to reduce fever and treat pain or inflammation caused by many
conditions such as headache, toothache, back pain, arthritis, menstrual cramps,
or minor injury.
Ibuprofen is used in adults and children who are at least 6 months old.