Insect pest of garlic(RAKESH)

2. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
ALLAHABAD SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE
SAM HIGGINBOTTOM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY &
SCIENCES
[Formerly-Allahabad Agricultural Institute]
(Deemed-to-be-University)
ALLAHABAD- 211007, U.P., INDIA
SUBMMITED BY,
RAKESH KR
I.D. NO. 15MSENT014
SUBMITTED TO,
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PROTECTION

3.  The entire “head” is called a garlic bulb, while
each segment is called a clove. There are about 10-
20 cloves in a single bulb, give or take.
 We now know that most of the health effects are
caused by one of the sulfur compounds formed
when a garlic clove is chopped, crushed or
chewed.
 This compound is known as allicin, and is also
responsible for the distinct garlic smell.
 Allicin enters the body from the digestive tract and
travels all over the body, where it exerts its potent
biological effects.

4.  Onion Maggot
 Thrips
 Red spider mite

5. SYSTEMETIC CLASSIFICATION
 Kingdom :- Animalia
 Phylum :-Arthropoda
 Class :- Insecta
 Order :-Diptera
 Family :-Anthomyiidea
 Genus :-Delia
 Species :-antiqua

6. IDENTIFICATION
 Adult - small grey bristly fly, 6 mm long,
slightly smaller than a housefly.
 Egg - white and elongated, 1-1.5 mm.
 Larva - white legless maggots, pair of black
mouth hooks at tapered end, up to 8 mm long.
 Pupa - oval, dark brown, 6 mm long, resembles
wheat grain.

7. Fig:- Egg Fig:- Larva
Fig:- Pupa
Fig:- Adult

8.  DISTRIBUTION-The onion fly is found in
North America, Western Europe, Russia,
Central Asia, China, Japan, and Korea.
 HOST PLANT- Garlic, onion, shallots and
leeks; prefers onions.

9. NATURE AND DAMAGE-
 The maggots feed on seedlings, transplants and
bulbs. Infested plants wilt and turn pale green to
yellow.
 First generation maggots in the spring cause the
most damage.
 Young plants are more susceptible to attack and
can be killed, established plants are damaged but
not usually killed.
 Feeding damage causes misshapen bulbs and
allows the entry other species of maggots and
decay organisms

10. Fig:- damage by maggot

11. LIFE CYCLE:-
 Eggs hatch in 2 to 5 days, and most newly hatched
larvae move below the soil surface and burrow
into the basal plate of the onion plant or feed on
the roots.
 Any injury site on the bulb facilitates larval entry,
and larvae will feed on developing onion bulbs for
2 to 3 weeks.
 Upon reaching maturity, larvae leave the onion
bulb and pupate in the surrounding soil.
Offspring of the first and second-generation adults
will remain in this stage for 2 to 4 weeks before
emerging as adults.

12.  The onion maggot life cycle lasts from 37 to
more than 60 days.
 The first-generation adults emerge from pupae
around mid-May in the northeastern US, with
peak flights occurring about 2 weeks later.
 Adults can survive for 2-4 weeks and may lay
hundreds of eggs, beginning approximately 7
to 10 days after emergence.

14. CULTURAL CONTROL:-
 Harvest all bulbs, remove culls, volunteer crops and crop
residues from the field to reduce overwintering populations.
 Avoid planting in soils that are high in undercomposed
organic matter.
 Do not plant allium crops (onions, garlic, leek) in the same
location for a minimum of three years.
 This will also help to reduce potential disease problems.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL:-
 Parasitic wasps, predatory flies, ground beetles and
pathogenic fungi help reduce onion maggot populations.

15. CHEMICAL CONTROL:-
 The only chemical registered for onion maggot
control in garlic is Lorsban (chlorpyrifos).
 Sprays are most effective when applied in the
morning (8 to 10 a.m.) or early evening (6 to 9
p.m.).
 Spraying of weeds immediately surrounding
fields will give additional protection against
onion maggot.

16. SYSTEMETIC CLASSIFICATION
 Kingdom :- Animalia
 Phylum :-Arthropoda
 Class :- Insecta
 Order :-Thysanoptera
 Family :-Thripidae
 Genus :-Thrips
 Species :- tabaci

17.  These are minute organisms. The adult measures
only 1 mm in length.
 The body of adult is yellowish-brown in colour,
with slender thorax and abdomen. Abdomen
tapers posterior.
 Female bears full wings but in male the wings are
extremely reduced or absent.
 Wings are narrow, consisting of stiff portion
bearing a fringe of hairs.
 The legs are adapted for running.
 Each leg terminates in two jointed tarsus and a
peculiar vesicle or bladder without claws.

18. Adu
eggs
Fig:- nymph
Fig:- adult
Fig:- Egg
Fig:- pupa

19.  DISTRIBUTION: -Severe damage to various
crops has been reported in Africa, Asia,
Europe, North and South America, and
Australasia
(Mound 1997, Boateng et al. 2014).
 HOST PLANT- Garlic, onion, shallots and
leeks, cauliflower, cabbage, cucumber,
squash, melon, tomato, turnip, bean, beets,
cotton.

20.  NATURE AND DAMAGE:- The adult thrips
and their nymphs lacerate the surface tissues of
the foliage.
 They puncture the leaves and stem of the host
plant and suck the exuding sap.
 In the initial phase of attack by this pest the
leaves show spotted appearance and later on
whitish blotches appears due to drainage of
leave sap.
 The tip of the leaf gets distorted and falls.

21. Fig :- Damaged on leaves with silvery
patches Fig :- Thrips on neck region plant

22. LIFE CYCLE:-
 Although, the pest remains active throughout the
year, intense breeding generally occurs between
November and May, which is the main period of
onion and garlic cultivation.
 Adult female lives for two to four weeks. During
this span it produces 50 to 60 eggs at the rate of 4-6
eggs per day.
 The eggs are laid singly and are inserted in the
leaves of host plant through the slit made by
ovipositors of the female.
 The eggs are white and bean shaped.

23.  Nymph hatches out from the eggs within 4-9
days.Nymphal period lasts for4-6 days during
which they pass through four instars
 Prepupal stage lasts for one to two days and
pupal stage for two to four days, after which
adult emerges out.
 Life cycle is completed in 11 to 21 days.

25. CULTURAL CONTROL:-
 Remove cull piles, plant debris and volunteer plants
from the field.
 Delay controlling weedy areas until they begin to dry
out.
 Controlling weedy areas after plant emergence may
increase thrips problems.
 Sprinkler irrigation can help suppress thrips. Avoid
planting near crops that harbor thrips such as alfalfa,
wheat or clover.
CHEMICAL CONTROL: –
 Malathion, Matador, Silencer, Delegate, Success,
Entrust, Movento, Exirel, Agri-Mek are registered for
the control of thrips.

26. SYSTEMETIC POSITION:-
 Kingdom :- Animalia
 Phylum :-Arthropoda
 Class :- Arachnida
 Order :-Trombidiformes
 Family :-Tetranychidea
 Genus :-Tetranychus
 Species :- cinnabarinus

27. IDENTIFICATION:-
 Eggs - laid singly on the underside of the leaf
or attached to the silken webs spun by the
adults
 Larvae - pinkish, slightly larger than the egg
and have three pairs of legs
 Nymphs - reddish or greenish and having 4
pairs of legs
 Adult - females are reddish and more or less
elliptical in shape

28.  DISTRIBUTION:- It has been recorded from
most countries in Europe, Asia, Africa,
Australasia, the Pacific and Caribbean islands,
North, Central and South America.
Bolland et al. (1998).
 HOST:- Onion, Garlic, Okra, Groundnut, Tea,
Beatroot, Pepper.

29. NATURE AND DAMAGE:-
 Adults and nymphs feed primarily on the
undersides of the leaves.
 The upper surface of the leaves becomes stippled
with little dots that are the feeding punctures.
 The mites tend to feed in “pockets” often near the
midrib and veins.
 Silk webbing produced by these mites is usually
visible.
 The leaves eventually become bleached and
discolored and may fall off.

30. Fig :- Silk webbing on the flowersFig:- Silk webbing on the leaves

31. LIFE CYCLE:-
 The development of the mite is rapid, particularly
at high temperatures.
 At 30-32°C, which is the optimum temperature for
development, the egg stage lasts 3-5 days, the
larval/nymphal stages 4-5 days, and with a pre-
oviposition period of 1-2 days, the total life cycle
takes only 8-12 days.
 Each female can lay an average of 90-110 eggs
during a lifetime of about 30 days, therefore
numbers of mites can increase very rapidly during
the summer, or under glass or plastic.

33.  The most successful examples of biological
control. The predator used most often has been
the phytoseiid mite Phytoseiulus persimilis.
 Avoid planting successive onion or garlic crops
 Apply wettable Sulfur 0.3% + dimethoate
(0.03%) or 0.5% sulfur or dicofol 2ml/l
(0.05%) or fenaziquin 2ml/l(Magister) as pre-
sowing and post- sowing treatments
 Through water spray also washes off the mites
from the plant

34.  Srinivas, P.S. R.P. Singh and K.E. Lawande. 2007.
Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Onion
and Garlic. Technical Bulletin No.17. ICAR-
Directorate of Onion and Garlic Researxch, Pune,
Maharashtra, pp.34.
 Srinivas, P.S. and Lawande. 2006. Maize barriers as
a cultural method for manipulation of thrips in
onion. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,
76(3):167-71.
 Sankar, V., Thangasamy, A and Jai Gopal. 2014.
Improved cultivation practices for onion. Tehnical
Bulletin No. 21. ICAR-Directorate of Onion and
Garlic Researxch, Pune, Maharashtra.pp.23.