1. Architectural Conservation , ARCH 426
Ar. Shahrin sultana sinthia
Lecturer
Fareast international university
Dept. of architecture
2. LECTURE 01
Introduction, definition, terminology
Architectural conservation means to conserve the valuable architectures or architectural values.
Since the formation of architecture, its conservation and restoration have been considered as a principle.
16. LECTURE 02
Heritage documentation
Cultural Heritage is known as an invaluable asset of human being, which portrays his
achievements over centuries. The need for identification and preservation of cultural
heritage is well understood and experts attempt is to exploit any possible method to fulfill
this aim. There are several published literatures and documents, which emphasize on
the importance of the documentation of the cultural heritage such as Burra Charter.
However, with the development of human and invention of new tools and technologies, the
concept of the conservation of cultural heritage has changed considerably. The new
technologies such as computers and digital tools have opened new windows and
bestowed new opportunities in the process of conservation of cultural heritage. In this
regard, it is important to review different technologies in order to make the best advantage
of these tools in the cultural heritage field.
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18. 2.1 Image-based Techniques
Photogrammetry is the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable
information about physical objects and the environment through processes of
recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic images and patterns of
recorded radiant electromagnetic energy and other phenomena (Wolf and Dewitt)
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21. BENEFITS:
•Non-contact, no wear and tear: Photogrammetry is a non-contact technology in
that it does not require a probe or physical contact with the object to be measured.
•High levels of precision and accuracy, even on large objects
•Environmentally robust
•Quality control of large object
Photogrammetry uses only photographs and mathematical equations. These
are important in view of correct and accurate measurement of cultural
heritage. In addition, it is possible to evaluate the situation after the restoration.
Photogrammetry has much more superiority over traditional methods in
restoration projects.
24. LECTURE 03, 04
Cultural heritage management and cultural values
Culture is considered as a symbolic, continuous and progressive process. It is the
expression of finer aspects of the life-style of a group which refers to the patterns of
thought and behavior of people. It also includes values, beliefs, rules of conduct, and
patterns of social, political and economic organizations. These are passed on from one
generation to the next by formal (through heritage) as well as informal processes. Culture
consists of the ways in which we think and act as members of a society. Thus, all the
achievements of group life are collectively called culture. In popular dialect, the material
aspects of culture, such as scientific and technological achievements are seen as distinct
from culture which is left with the non-material and higher achievements of group life.
Culture is of two types: (i) material, and (ii) non-material. The first includes technologies,
instruments, material goods, consumer goods, household design and architecture, modes
of production, trade, commerce, welfare and other social activities. The non-material
includes norms, values, beliefs, myths, legends, literature, ritual, art forms and other
intellectual-literary activities. The material and non-material aspects of any culture are
usually interdependent on each other
25. culture refers to a human-made environment which includes all the material and non-
material products of group life that are transmitted from one generation to the next. There
is a general agreement among social scientists that culture consists of explicit and implicit
patterns of behavior acquired by human beings. These may be transmitted through
symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their
embodiment as artifacts. The essential core of culture thus lies in those finer ideas which
are transmitted within a group-both historically derived as well as selected with their
attached value.
More recently, culture denotes historically transmitted patterns of meanings embodied in
symbols, by means of which people communicate, perpetuate and develop their
knowledge about and express their attitudes toward life. Culture is the expression of our
nature in our modes of living and thinking. It may be seen in our literature, in religious
practices, in recreation and enjoyment. Culture varies from place to place and country to
country. Its development is based on the historical process operating in a regional or
national context. For example, we differ in our ways of greeting others, our clothing, food
habits, social and religious customs and practices from the West. In other words, the
people of any country are characterised by their distinctive cultural traditions.
Our architectural practice differs from the western culture. We are more of vurnacular
practicing which majorly depends on our climatic condition.
26. A nation also inherits a culture which may be termed as national cultural heritage. Cultural
heritage includes all those aspects or values of culture transmitted to human beings by
their ancestors from generation to generation. They are cherished, protected and
maintained by them with unbroken continuity and they feel proud of it. A few examples
would be helpful in clarifying the concept of heritage. The Taj Mahal , panam city.
• aesthetic value: beauty, harmony;
• spiritual value: understanding, enlightenment, insight;
• social value: connection with others, a sense of identity;
• historical value: connection with the past;
• symbolic value: a repository or conveyor of meaning
whatever the perspective, however, two observations can be made. First, it is clear that
value is multidimensional. So it may be possible to describe an art work, for example, as
providing a range of cultural value characteristics, including:
27. • Culture is learned and acquired: Culture is acquired in the sense that there are certain behaviours
which are acquired through heredity. Individuals inherit certain qualities from their parents but
socio-cultural patterns are not inherited. These are learnt from family members, from the group
and the society in which they live. Thus, it is apparent that the culture of human beings is
influenced by the physical and social environment through which they operate.
• Culture is shared by a group of people: A thought or action may be called culture if it is shared and
believed or practiced by a group of people.
• Culture is cumulative: Different knowledge embodied in culture can be passed from one generation
to another generation. More and more knowledge is added in the particular culture as the time
passes by. Each may work out solution to problems in life that passes from one generation to
another. This cycle remains as the particular culture goes with time.
• Culture changes: There is knowledge, thoughts or traditions that are lost as new cultural traits are
added. There are possibilities of cultural changes within the particular culture as time passes.
• Culture is dynamic: No culture remains static. Culture is changing constantly as new ideas and new
techniques are added as time passes modifying or changing the old ways. This is the characteristics
of culture that stems from the culture‘s cumulative quality.
• Culture is diverse: It is a system that has several mutually interdependent parts. Although these
parts are separate, they are interdependent with one another forming culture as whole.
Characteristics of Culture Now let us discuss some general characteristics of culture, which
are common to different cultures throughout the world. Also which influence the heritage .
