Introduction
Hydrology
Water cycle
Watershed Development
Integrated Watershed Management
Water Conservation & Harvesting
Basic introduction of hydraulic structures.
conclusion
references
5. 5
What is Hydrology?
Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution,
and quality of water throughout the Earth, including the
hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental
watershed sustainability.
A practitioner of hydrology is a hydrologist, working
within the fields of either earth or environmental
science, physical geography, geology or civil and
environmental engineering.
Water covers 70% of
the Earth's surface
10. Floods are the first cause of fatalities and economic losses among natural disasters worldwide
Temporal evolution of natural catastrophes from 1980 to 2012
Source: MunichRE, NatCatSERVICE
11. 11
Floods
Floods cause extensive damage: “during 1991-1995, flood related
damage totaled more than US$200 billion globally, representing close
to 40% of all economic damage attributed to natural disasters in the
period -- (Pielke Jr. and Downton, 2000, citing IFRCRCS, 1997). In the
United States, annual flood damage runs in the billions of dollars
(Pielke Jr. and Downton, 2000). Improved prediction of floods could
reduce these costs substantially, in addition to reducing flood-induced
loss of life.
14. The Future?
By the year 2025 nearly 2
billion people will live in
regions or countries with
absolute water scarcity, even
allowing for high levels of
irrigation efficiency.
Year
World
Population
(billions)
2010 6.8
2020 7.6
2030 8.2
2040 8.7
15. 15
Water Scarcity Index Rws
Rws
Total Water Withdrawal – Desalinated Water
Renewable Freshwater Resources
Rws =
16. Typical Domestic Water Use
• 100-600L/person/day (high-income countries)
• 50-100L/person/day (low-income)
• 10-40L/person/day (water scarce)
18. Water Stress
• Based on human consumption and linked to
population growth
• Domestic requirement:
– 100L/person/day = 40m3/person/year
– 600L/person/day = 240m3/person/year
• Associated agricultural, industrial & energy need:
– 20 x 40m3/person/year = 800m3/person/year
• Total need:
– 840m3/person/year
– 1040m3/person/year
19. 19
Water Stress [m3/person/year]
• Water scarcity: <1000 m3 /person/year
– chronic and widespread freshwater problems
• Water stress: <1700 m3 /person/year
– intermittent, localised shortages of freshwater
• Relative sufficiency: >1700 m3 /person/year
21. Integrated Water Resources
Integration of -
- River basin resources- surface and ground.
- Demands - consumptive and non-consumptive,
and supplies.
- Facilities - mega to micro.
- Human and eco-systems.
- engineering with social, economic, synergic
needs.
22. INDIA’S LAND RESOURCE, IRRIGATION
AND FOOD PRODUCTION
• India has 2% of world’s land, 4% of freshwater, 16% of
population, and 10% of its cattle.
• Geographical area = 329 Mha of which 47% (142 Mha) is
cultivated, 23% forested, 7% under non-agri use, 23%
waste.
• Per capita availability of land 50 years ago was 0.9 ha,
could be only 0. 14 ha in 2050.
• Out of cultivated area, 37% is irrigated which produces
55% food; 63% is rain-fed producing 45% of 200 Mt of
food.
• In 50 years (ultimate), proportion could be 50:50
producing 75:25 of 500 Mt of required food.
23. WITHDRAWAL OF WATER- 2050, AVAILABILITY
India’s Yearly Requirement in 2050 (Km3 = Billon cubic meter)
• For growing food and feed at 420 to 500 million tonnes = 628 to
807 BCM
• Drinking water plus domestic and municipal use for rural
population at 150 and for urban population at 220 = 90 to 110
BCM
•Hydropower and other energy generation = 63 to 70 BCM
•Industrial use = 81 to 103 BCM
•Navigational use = 15 BCM
•Loss of water by evaporation from reservoirs = 76 BCM
•Environment and ecology = 20 BCM
Total 970 to 1200 BCM
Availability 1100 to 1400 BCM
24. Where does the water come from?
•New dams
•Groundwater - underdeveloped
•Demand Management
•Water savings - increase in efficiency,
reduce evaporation.
•Water productivity - increases in crop per
drop
•Trade (virtual water), import food.
25. Water Conservation & Harvesting
Total water management for
sustainable development?.
26. Water Conservation
• Important step for solutions to issues of water and
environmental conservation is to change people's attitudes
and habits .
• Conserve water because it is right thing to do!.
• What you can do to conserve water?
• Use only as much water as you require. Close the taps well
after use. While brushing or other use, do not leave the tap
running, open it only when you require it. See that there are
no leaking taps.
• Use a washing machine that does not consume too much
water. Do not leave the taps running while washing dishes
and clothes.
27. Water Conservation…
• Install small shower heads to reduce the flow of
the water. Water in which the vegetables & fruits
have been washed - use to water the flowers &
plants.
• At the end of the day if you have water left in
your water bottle do not throw it away, pour it
over some plants.
• Re-use water as much as possible
• Change in attitude & habits for water
conservation
• Every drop counts!!!
28. Rain Water Harvesting?.
• Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting, conveying & storing
water from rainfall in an area – for beneficial use.
• Storage – in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage- groundwater
• Hydrological Cycle
29. Rain Water Harvesting?.
• RWH - yield copious amounts of water. For an
average rainfall of 1,000mm, approximately four
million litre of rainwater can be collected in a year
in an acre of land (4,047 m2), post-evaporation.
•As RWH - neither energy-intensive nor labour-
intensive.
•It can be a cost-effective alternative to other
water-accruing methods.
• With the water table falling rapidly, & concrete
surfaces and landfill dumps taking the place of
water bodies, RWH is the most reliable solution for
augmenting groundwater level to attain self-
sufficiency.
30. • Roof Rain Water Harvesting
• Land based Rain Water Harvesting
• Watershed based Rain Water harvesting
• For Urban & Industrial Environment –
• Roof & Land based RWH
• Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings
• Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open
spaces
RWH – Methodologies
31. Rain Water Harvesting– Advantages
1.Provides self-sufficiency to water supply
2.Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water
3.Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals
4.Improves the quality of ground water through
dilution when recharged
5.Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas
6.The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive
& easy to construct, operate and maintain
7. In desert, RWH only relief
8. In saline or coastal areas & Islands, rain water provides good
quality water
32. Yearly rainfall departure from the mean for rainfall station guina
Seasonal
rainfall
departure
are
extremely
variable.
33. Resources mapping: Surface water storageReservoirinmainchannel
Total number of reservoirs = 144
Storage capacity = 81.3 x 106 m3
35. a gravity dam is a dam constructed from concrete or stone masonry and designed
to hold back water by utilizing the weight of the material alone to resist the
horizontal pressure of water pushing against it.
Gravity dams are designed so that each section of the dam is stable, independent of
any other dam section.
DAMSGravity dam
36. What is earthen dam?
• Earth fill dam, also called Earth Dam, or
Embankment Dam.
• Dam built up by compacting successive layers
of earth, using the most impervious materials to
form a core and placing more permeable
substances on the upstream and downstream
sides.
• A dam built of soil materials (sand, loam, clay,
and so on), with a trapezoidal or nearly
trapezoidal cross section.
37.
38. Rock fill dam
Rock-fill dams are embankments of
compacted free-draining granular earth with
an impervious zone.
The earth utilized often contains a high
percentage of large particles hence the
term rock-fill.
A concrete-face rock-fill dam (CFRD) is a rock-fill
dam with concrete slabs on its upstream face.
40. Concluding Remarks
The integrated watershed management approach
have the following major components:
• Promote sustainable economic development through optimum
utilisation of natural resources and local capacity building.
• Restore ecological balance through community participation
and cost affordable technologies for easy acceptance.
• Improving living conditions of the poorer through more equitable
resources distribution and greater access to income
generating activities.
41. Concluding Remarks
•Efficient utilisation of funds as only 10-15% of the total budget
spent on non-project costs.
• The benefits of water harvesting and water conservation not only for
drinking water security but also for agriculture definitely reached.
• About 2-4 meter water level increase is observed in selected wells.
• Watershed management can easily cope with climate change impacts