FOR FINDING THE RAILWAY TRACK FAULTS LIKE CRACK, INCLINATION, OBSTACLE. THE SYSTEM TRACK THE FAULT LOCATION AND SEND INFORMATION ABOUT FAULT TO THE AUTHORITY.

2. Members
Archana MK IEANEEE013
Ashith P IEANEEE015
Raheema V IEANEEE033
Rajesh Arayankara IEANEEE034
Revathi KC IEANEEE036
Jisha P
Asst. Prof, Dept. of EEE

3. NEED OF THIS PROJECT
 India is the fourth largest railway network in the world
having a track length of 115,000 Kilometers
 Indian railway carries over 8,900 million passengers
annually or more than 24 million passengers daily
 But so many accidents occurs now a days
 90% of them are due to the cracks on the rails either due
to the natural causes or due to the antisocial elements
 Accidents occur also due to track inclination and due to
obstacles in the track
 So we need a system to monitor the geometry of the track
in most cost effective way

4. Proposed system
 In this, the fault in railway track is automatically
detected without any human intervention.
 IR sensor is used to find the cracks and damage of tracks
 Ultrasonic sensors are used detect any obstacle presented
in the track
 Tri axis sensor is used to find the slope of track.
 Gps and Gsm systems are used to locate the fault & send
information
 Motors are used to drive the system.
 This system ensures a very accurate detection and accurate
output compared to the existing system

5. BLOCK DIAGRAM

6.  The block diagram of the system consists of microcontroller, IR
transmitter, IR receiver, ultrasonic sensor, dc motor, relay, tri-axis
sensor, interfacing IC, GPS, GSM and LCD display.
 The microcontroller used is PIC18F4550. This microcontroller
does all the controlling and coordinating actions of the entire
system.
 Infrared sensor is used for senses the presence of cracks.
 Ultrasonic sensor used to detect any obstacle in front of the vehicle.
 Tri axis sensor is used to detect the inclination of the track.
 GPS is used to track the location of the vehicle and GSM is used to
send the information about fault.

7. COMPONENTS REQUIRED
 MICROCONTROLLER - PIC18F4550
 IR SENSOR MODULE
 ULTRASONIC SENSOR
 TRI AXIS SENSOR
 GPS
 GSM
 RELAY
 DC MOTOR
 LCD DISPLAY

8. MICROCONTROLLER
 PIC18F4550 is a 8 bit microcontroller
 Memory: 256 bytes of EEPROM
2 KB of SRAM
32 KB of flash memory
 40 pins with 20 pins of each sides
 It has 5 ports, Port A, Port B, Port C, Port D & Port E
 13 channels for ADC
 Frequency limit: 31 KHz – 48 MHz

9. IR SENSOR MODULE
• IR LED+ Photo diode(PD)  called as IR
pair or Photo coupler
IR LED Emits IR
Photo diode sense it
Resistance of PD changes with IR falling on it
Voltage drop across it changes
It’s sensed by voltage comparator
Produces the corresponding output

10. ULTRASONIC SENSOR
• Ultrasonic distance sensors are used to sense the presence of objects
infront of the moving vehicle.
• Range: 2 cm to 3 m (0.8 in to 3.3 yd.)
• Modules includes transmitter receiver and control circuit
• If the signal back, the output is high. Then the obstacle detected
It has 4 pins
 5V Supply
 Trigger Pulse Input
 Echo Pulse Output
 0V Ground

11. TRI -AXIS SENSOR
ADXL335
•Tiny physical structure that can move
•Act like a capacitor with one fixed plate and one moving plate
•Due to external force or gravity a tiny mass move inside
•The distance between plates changes  capacitance also changes
•This change in capacitance is sensed and corresponding voltage is send to PIC

12. GPS
Space-based satellite navigation system
Contain a gps receiver with receiving antenna
Require unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
It receives the location details and transmitted to pic through TX pin

13. GSM
GSM is used to send the message to authorities
When fault is detected GSM gets the information from PIC
GSM sends the data to the predefined number
The working of GSM is completely controlled by
microcontroller

14. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

15. POWER SUPPLY SECTION
•Power supply circuit provides two supply voltages 12V and 5V
DC.
•The battery is charged to 12v by means of a adapter or by means of
a charging circuit which consists of step-down transformer, bridge
circuit package and capacitor for filtering
•The 12 V DC from battery is taken to the components wherever the
12V DC supply is required
•This 12V DC is then regulated to a constant 5V DC by means of a
regulator IC LM7805

17. MAIN SECTION
•This section consists of various sensor modules such as IR sensor
module, Tri axis sensor module and Ultrasonic sensor module,
Microcontroller, LCD display, GPS and GSM.
•Infrared sensor is used for senses the presence of cracks.
•Ultrasonic sensor used to detect any obstacle in front of the vehicle.
•Tri axis sensor is used to detect the inclination of the track.
•GPS find out the fault location and.
•GSM send the fault location to the authorities.

19. MOVING SECTION
•The vehicle is moved through the rails by 4 wheels.
•Wheels are driven using 2 DC motors in parallel.
• Motors are controlled by two SPDT relays.
•When relay 1 and relay 2 is OFF, motor runs forward.
•When relay 1 is ON and relay 2 is OFF, motor stops.

21. Flow chart

24. OUTPUT OBTAINED
When the system moves through the rail, the LCD display shows “ Crack
Detecting Robot”

25. Vehicle stops when the system detects crack, the LCD shows
“Crack On Left/Right Track”.
When the crack detected GSM send the message to the
authorities

26. When the system detects any object in front of the track, the
system stops and wait about 15 seconds.
If the block is removed the vehicle start to move otherwise the
LCD shows “Block Detected”.
When the block detected GSM send the message to the
authorities

27. When the Slope detected GSM send the message to the
authorities
Vehicle stops when the system detects Slope, the LCD shows
“Slope Detected”.

28. CONCLUSION
•Accurate detection of crack, slope, object
•Automatic detection
Future scope
 speed of the vehicle can be improved by changing
the motor speed.
 To power up the device, solar panels can be
introduced

29. References…
[1] Burak Akpinar and Engin Gülal “ Multisensor Railway Track Geometry Surveying System”,
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 61, no.1,pp. 190-197, 2012.
[2] Selvamraju Somalraju, Vigneshwar Murali, Gourav Saha and Dr. V. Vaidehi, “Robust
Railway Crack Detection Scheme Using LED-LDR Assembly”,International Conference on
Recent Trends in Information Technology, Madras, pp. 477-482, 2012.
[3] Prof. P. Navaraja “Crack Detection System For Railway Track By Using Ultrasonic And PIR
Sensor”, International Journal of Advanced Information and Communication Technology, vol.
1, no.1, pp. 126-130, 2012
[4] Miss. Renke Pradnya, Miss. Mandve Punam, Miss. Bandal Jyoti and Miss. Shinde Snehal
“Crack Detecting Robot for Railway Tracks” ,International Journal for Scientific Research &
Development, vol. 3, no.2, pp. 1142-1144, 2015.
[5] Ramavath Swetha and P.V. Prasad Reddy “Railway Track Crack Detection Autonomous
Vehicle”, Global Journal of Advanced Engineering Technologies, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 170-175,
2015.
[6] R.Revathi ,P.Mahalakshmi and Dr.V.Nandagopal, “Efficient Automated System Of Crack
Detection In Rail Network For Surveying Purpose”, Journal of Innovative Research and
Solutions,vol.1, no. 1, pp. 128 -132, 2015.