Very good presentation for understanding the planning of Bhubaneshwar City

1. A STUDY OF
BHUBANESHWAR CITY
PRESENTED BY –
RAJAT NAINWAL
B.ARCH (VIII SEM)
11SAPBOA008 , 110695027

2. INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY
Bhubaneshwar is the capital of the Indian state of Orissa.
Bhubaneshwar, derive from Tribhubaneshwar, which means the
Lo d of the three world (Tribhuban , which refers to Shiva.
With many Hindu temples, which span the entire spectrum of
Kalinga architecture, it is often referred to as a Te ple city of
I dia .
It replaced Cuttack as the capital in 1948.
The modern city was planned by German architect and town
planner Otto H. Konigsberger.

3. SALIENT FEATURES OF BHUBANESHWAR
CITY Bhubaneshwar
DISTRICT Khorda
AREA 148.10 sq. km. (Municipal Area)
393.57 sq. km. (Development Area)
POPULATION 837,737
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION Longitude 85° TO ° E
Latitude 20° TO 20° N
Benchmark 45 M. above the mean sea level
CONNECTIVITY AIR: City has modern airport with regular flights to New Delhi,
Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Vishakapatnam, Hyderabad and Raipur.
ROAD: City is well connected by a road network with the urban
centres of the state and neighboring state.
RAIL: City is well connected by a rail network and the Bhubaneshwar
rail head lies on the Chennai – Kolkata Railway line.
CLIMATE Tropical climate with maximum temperature of 43 °C and minimum
temperature of 12 °C
Average annual rainfall of 1498 mm.
CITY ADMINISTRATOR Bhubaneshwar Municipal Corporation
(source: census, 2011)

5. A. THE CITY STRUCTURE
Bhubaneswar was confined to the temple town.
It was developed to south-east of the railway line, before any
planning and development initiative took place for the capital city.
Railway link to the town was through the Bhubaneswar Station Road,
the station being connected to the temple town through minor road
which was upgraded to the status of National Highway.
The road link from Cuttack was through Old Jagannath Road which
led to the temple area through the present Tankapani Road.
Subsequently, the National Highway No 5 crossing Rasulgarh area
passed through the Old Station area and following the alignment of
Rajpath passed through Jagamara to meet its existing alignment at
the Khandagiri junction.

6. STAGES AFFECTED THE STRUCTURE
OF THE CITY
a) The Temple Town (Upto 1948)
The Ne Capital – 56)
c) Growth of Institutions (1956 – 76)
d) Developments in Organised Sector (1976 Onwards)
e) The Present Bhubaneswar

7. 1. THE TEMPLE TOWN (UPTO 1948)
The old temple town had been the seat of a continuous culture
of about 2,500 years.
It covers an area of 510 ha and comprises of 4 villages namely
Kapil prasad, Bhubaneswar, Goutam Nagar and Rajarani.
The old city is featured by conglomeration of temples,
monuments, mandaps, heritage ponds etc.
Initially, the old city had 1000 temples and at present, the total
temples are limited to 320.
Majority of the existing temples are deteriorating rapidly and
the precious stone carvings are also in damaged condition.

8. 2. THE NEW CAPITAL (1948-56)
On 13th April 1948, Bhubaneswar got back its status when the
foundation stone of the present capital township was laid by
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.
Bhubaneswar was born as the new capital of Orissa in close proximity
of the old temple town, the Master Plan for the new township was
prepared by the famous architect Dr. Otto. H. Koenigsberger in 1954
on the basis of the concept of neighbourhood unit planning.
The capital town was planned in 1948 and was built between 1948
and 1961 at a respectful distance from the temple town with no
conscious steps taken to preserve the individual identities of each.
The city grew fast and the intervening areas were filled up quickly.

10. OBSERVATIONS :
There is a total absence of provision of areas for a
number of urban activities such as industrial, institutional
etc. which were not envisaged then.
With an absence of economy in allotting land for different
uses, the development spread over large areas, with even
residential quarters allotted in much larger areas then
was necessary.
Such a sparse development pattern resulted in much
lower density of population, then was desirable and
involved higher unit cost of infrastructure development.

11. 3. GROWTH OF INSTITUTIONS (1956-76)
During 1956-76, major administrative activities like secretariat, heads of departments
and similar government offices came up in Bhubaneswar.
The salubrious climate, availability of suitable land attracted a number of state level
and regional institution such as Vani vihar, Sainik School, the Regional Research
Laboratory, the Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, the Government
Press, the Institute of Physics and several industrial units like C.R. Factory, OMFED
Chilling Plant, the Industrial Estate at Bomikhal and subsequently at Pandara were also
established.
Also with the growth of population the need for developing residential areas both in
private and organized sectors led to developments of Shahid Nagar, Satya Nagar, Surya
Nagar, Acharya Vihar and Lewis Road Housing Colony (Jayadev Nagar).
But in location of these institutions, the perspective growth of some of the major
functions of the city, and the inter-relationship among the different city functions do
not seem to have been considered.
Much larger areas have been allotted to some of the institutions than was necessary.

13. 4. DEVELOPMENTS IN ORGANIZED SECTOR
(1976 ONWARDS)
Constitution of the Bhubaneswar Regional Improvement Trust (BRIT) in 1976 and
subsequently the Bhubaneswar Development Authority (BDA) in 1983 and the role of
institutional finance for mass housing in the organized sector appears to be landmark
in this phase of it s growth.
The following major schemes and multistoried buildings were executed during the
period:
i. Housing Board Colony, VSS Nagar ii. BRIT Colony, Laxmisagar
iii. BRIT Colony, Nayapalli iv. BRIT Colony, Baragarh
v. Chandrasekharpur Improvement Scheme vi. GGP Housing Colony
vii. Housing Board Colony at Kapilprasad viii. Palaspalli Duplex Complex
ix. Housing Board Colony at Baramunda x. Housing Board Building
xi. IDCO Tower xii. CRP Market

14. • In all such cases economy of space and cost had influenced the structure as well as their
immediate environment.
• Shortage of Government land and economy of scale contributed to construction of
multistoried flats at Chandrasekharpur and buildings like IDCO tower, Housing Board
Building, IPICOL Building etc.
• This phase also witnessed construction of number of market complexes like BRIT market at
Laxmisagar, BDAs Suryakiran Market, Municipal market and Housing Board markets at
Saheed Nagar, Ashoka Market at Station Square, Ruchika Market Complex at Baramunda,
Municipal Market at Old Town.
• In all such constructions the availability of institutional finance and demand for
office/commercial space have played a key role towards a balance of space, economy and
design.
• Although articulate and organized, these developments in the organized sector have
followed the availability of government land.
• While inducing the pace of growth in the nearby areas in private holdings, the execution of
housing schemes have not succeeded in articulating the development in such areas in
desired manner.
• Many of the housing schemes in the organized sector are subsidized in terms of cost of
roads, open space and infrastructure but in the nearby private areas cost of infrastructure is
charged to the individual development leading to inadequacy of roads, open spaces and
other infrastructure.
• A disparity in quality of environment prevails in many of the private areas adjoining the
housing scheme areas executed in the organized sector.

20. 5. THE CITY TODAY
The city which was planned originally for 40, 000 people with an area of 16.84 sq. km. of land is
now accommodating about 8 lakhs 50 thousands people with an area of about 148 sq km.
The city has extended in seven different directions during the last few decades. This extension
has got varied length and dimensions from the core of the original town, which has been
supposed to lie at the Lingaraj temple area.
From the centre of growth of the original temple town, the present town has extended
maximum towards north i.e. about 22.5 km. towards village Patia.
Its extension towards north -west is about 14.5 km., west 11 km., south-west 8 km., south 6.5
km and east 9.5 km.
Virtually, it has no growth towards south-east due to the location of the flood plains of
Kuakhai and Daya River.
Presently, the city has been extended upto the Chandershekharpur in the north and beyond
Daya West Canal in the south.
In the east, the development is confined to the Daya West Canal. In the west, the city has
expended well beyond the khandagiri Junction.
The land between Daya west Canal and the Kuakhai is put to the agricultural use, which is
rapidly being put to Brick kiln.

22. THE NEW CAPITAL
• The establishment of a new capital at Bhubaneswar, the temple town
situated in 25°15 latitude and 85°50 longitude in the present district of
Khurda after Independence is an important landmark in the history of
modern Odisha.
• Though Cuttack, the headquarters of Orissa Division was the centre of all
cultural and political activities, it was found to be insufficient and congested
for a provincial capital because of its location between the Mahanadi and
Kathjodi rivers.
• Some wanted the capital to be located at Puri, others opposed it on the
ground that it was a religious town and therefore misfit to be the seat of a
secular government.
• The post-war reconstruction committee proposed Bhubaneswar as the ideal
site for capital because of its history, availability of space and geographical
propinquity to Cuttack.
• The Public Works Department also reported in favour of Bhubaneswar on
14 April 1945.

23. • Ultimately the choice had to be made between the greater Cuttack and
Bhubaneswar, and Harekrushna Mahtab who became Prime Minister as the
head of the Congress Ministry after the Second World War was able to win
the Legislative Assembly's approval in favour of Bhubaneswar.
• Initially H.K. Mahtab thought of retaining capital at Cuttack by modernizing
the town.
• For that purpose he consulted the town planners of the Tata Company.
• The planners held that the topography of Cuttack town practically made its
modernization difficult and expensive.
• Expansion towards Chaudwar was impossible without construction of
bridge on the Mahanadi.
• Mahtab chose Bhubaneswar as the capital site on the following grounds-all
highway bridges from Cuttack to Bhubaneswar were likely to be completed
before the construction of the bridge on the Mahanadi linking Cuttack and
Chaudwar.

24. • In 1948 the Government of Odisha hired Otto Koenigsberger, a German Jew who
had fled from Nazi Germany to work as the town planner for the capital
construction.
• On 13 April 1949, the foundation stone of the new capital was laid by Pandit
Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India.
• On 10 October, 1949 the Odisha Legislative Assembly met at Bhubaneswar for the
first time.
• There were some hindrances to the construction of Capital at Bhubaneswar, such
as want of funds, the reluctance of Cuttack-based employees to move to offices at
Bhubaneswar, and opposition from some prominent Congressmen to the shifting of
Capital from Cuttack to Bhubaneswar.
• While the Government of Odisha requested the Government of India to provide
Rs.2 crores for the capital construction, Liaquat Ali Khan, the Finance Minister in
interim Government gave a grant of Rs.1.32 crores.

25. • By the end of 1951 nine offices - the PWD, the Secretariat, the Directorate of
Health, the Inspector General of Prisons, the Registrar of Cooperative Societies, the
Public Relations, the Agriculture, the Forestry and the Tribal and Rural Welfare had
moved from Cuttack into temporary buildings at Bhubaneswar.
• Completion of construction of bridges on Kathjodi (January 1951) and Kuakhai
(August 1951) solved the problem of transport between Cuttack and Bhubaneswar.
• Well-connected with the out-side world by rail, road and air Bhubaneswar is every
year visited by lakhs of Indians and thousands of foreign tourists.
• Initially the population of Bhubaneswar was growing at a slow rate.
• In order to encourage private housing the Government of Odisha started leasing
the plots for ninety nine years.
• Koenigsberger did not feel the necessity of vertical planning and recommended a
horizontal plan.
• During the last three decades the population of Bhubaneswar has increased at a
faster rate.

26. B. LAND USE
1. MASTER PLAN (1968-1988)
• Bhubaneswar was having a Master Plan since 1968.
• Seven functional land-use zones for Bhubaneswar were identified.
• These functional zones have some specific land uses.
• These zones are residential zone, commercial zone, industrial
zone, public and semi-public zone, open space zone, green belt
zone and transportation zone.
• Koenigsberger viewed the city as an autonomous body, having its
own law and jurisdiction, political jurisdiction, right of self-
determination, and an organised sense of communal relationship
along secular lines.
• In spite of secular intentions and attitude towards Bhubaneswar,
the temple town and the capital city exerted an influence on each
other to establish their dominance.

27. • Koenigsberger hoped to reconcile this conflict between rationalism
and symbolism; between the new town and the temple, by using
neighbourhood units as the basic building blocks. This is because,
if the neighbourhood units were healthy, harmonious and
autonomous, the life of the city as a whole would be healthier.
Such a neighbourhood had to be self contained and close to
nature.
• The city was divided into small manageable neighbourhood units
to preserve the sense of community that existed in the old town.
• To avoid class and caste distinctions in segregated neighbourhood,
a cross-section of population from various social and professional
groups in good proportion formed the neighbourhood units.
• As an egalitarian approach, mixed neighbourhoods of private
citizens and government employees were suggested in the Master
Plan.
• But the housing pattern in the city was graded in eight types of
three social groups, that is, upper, middle and lower.
• The type distinction was made in terms of the amount of land, the
grouping of units in two or four family structures, and so on.

28. CITY PLAN AND NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN
-BY OTTO H. KOENIGSBERGER ( IN MASTER PLAN)

29. LAND USE ALLOTMENT IN BHUBANESHWAR MASTER PLAN 1968

30. 2. COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (1988-2001)
• Due to the increasing population and the changing
socio- economic status of the city, the Master Plan
of 1968 was re-examined, evaluated and modified
and in 1993 an improved Comprehensive
Development Plan prepared by Bhubaneswar
Development Authority came into force.
• The C.D.P. for Bhubaneswar proposed to be
perspective plan with a time horizon of 1988 2001
specifying the various land use zones with a set up
zoning regulations for regulating all the
development in zones.

31. The specific objective for the preparation of the Comprehensive
Development Plan are given below:
• To develop an urban environment capable of sustaining a population
of 10 lakhs with facilities and services by 2001.
• To promote a more dynamic growth of the economy with increased
production goods and services, with increased employment
opportunities and to enable to capital city to play its role of the
effectively as the centre of administration, institutions and tourism
for the reason with the state of Orissa while retaining its horay
traditions as the temple city.
• To enable the development authority for a sustained development
planning and effective plan implementation.
• To ensure effective coordination amongst various agencies that has
Bhubaneswar Development Authority, Bhubaneswar Municipal
Corporation, Semi-Government/Private Agencies and Citizens in the
process of development of the capital city through effective
mobilization of resources and leadership.

32. PROPOSED LAND USES IN CDP
S.
NO.
LAND USES AREA
(IN SQ. KM.)
% TO TOTAL AREA
1. RESIDENTIAL 75.40 32.7
2. COMMERCIAL 4.94 2.14
3. INDUSTRIAL 5.86 2.54
4. INSTITUTIONAL & UTILITIES 7.11 3.09
5. ADMINISTRATIVE 2.9 1.26
6. OPEN SPACE 13.77 5.98
7. TRANSPORTATION & COMMUNICATION 18.91 8.21
8. WATER BODIES 33.82 14.7
9. DRAINAGE CHANNEL 2.59 1.10
10. GREEN BELT INCLUDING PROTECTED FOREST
AND RESERVE FOREST
68.15 28.3
TOTAL 233.3 100

34. 3. PRESENT LANDUSE
• The residential areas are confined in Unit No. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII,
VIII, IX, X and XI. The residential areas have been planned in the
form of self-contained neighbourhood with each unit having its
own high schools, shopping centers, dispensaries, play areas etc.
• The market complex in Unit – 2 and Unit – 1 comprises of weekly
and daily markets are considered to be the main shopping center of
the city.
• The land under the industrial use includes the Coach Repairing
Factory, the Industrial Estates at Mancheswar and Bomikhal and
also a number of service industries now functioning at the Cuttack
Road and Rasulgarh area.

35. • Also, a large number of industrial units have been established in
Mancheswar Industrial Estate located in the area lying between
Daya West Canal and the Railway line. Large Industrial Estates
are also being developed at Patia, Chandrasekharpur and
Pathargadia.
• Most of the state -level important administrative offices, like the
Secretariat, heads of Departments, the Accountant General
Office are located in Unit-V.
• The are only three parks for public use namely, the Indira Gandhi
park, Unit-II -Bijupatnaik Park, and Unit-VI - Gandhi Park.
• Apart from these parks there are also some small parks inside
the City namely the park at Nalco Square, NICCO Park, Saheed
Nagar Park, J.K.park, Dr. Mukherjee Park, V.S.S Nagar.

36. YEAR CITY
AREA
(IN SQ.
KM)
DEVELOPED
OPEN
SPACES
AREA ( IN
SQ. KM.)
RESIDENTIAL
AREA
( IN SQ. KM.)
% OF
DEVELOPED
OPEN SPACE
OF CITY
% OF
DEVELOPED
OPEN SPACE OF
RESIDENTIAL
AREA
OPEN
SPACE PER
1000
PERSONS
IN AC.
1993 124.70 0.78 19.05 0.5 3.8 0.44
EXISTING 148.10 1.54 38.23 1 3.7 0.39
Source : CDP – 1993, ORSAC (2008), Draft CDP for BDPA - 2030
• Agricultural practice in the city is mostly observed on
the banks of the River Daya and River Kuakhai
especially in the southern and eastern stretch.
• The agricultural lands are used for the production of
vegetables and food grains

37. PRESENT
LANDUSE PLAN
Source: Draft CDP for BDPA-2030

38. C. AREA AND POPULATION
The city had a population of 648,032 in 2001, with a
growth rate of 57.46 % during the period 1991 –
2001. The growth rate of the city is higher than that of
the state (urban), which stood at 30.28 % for the
period 1991 – 2001.
CENSUS YEAR POPULATION DECADAL
GROWTH (%)
AREA
(SQ. KM.)
DENSITY
PER SQ. KM.
1951 16512 - 25.90 638
1961 38211 131.41 50.25 760
1971 105491 176.07 65.03 1622
1981 219211 107.80 92.91 2359
1991 411542 87.74 124.74 3299
2001 648032 57.46 135.00 4800
Source: Various Census Reports of Government of India ; 1951 - 2001

39. • The city registered the highest
increase about 131 % during the
decade 1951 – 1961 owing to the
shifting of the Capital City of the state
from Cuttack to Bhubaneshwar
during the year 1954.
• The city continued to grow and
registered a growth of 176.07 %
during the decade 1961 – 1971. this
was one of the highest growth rates
experienced by any other capital in
the country and was also higher than
any of the cities in Orissa during that
decade.
• The city continued to grow both due
to natural increase as well as
migration.
• According to the Census of India
1991, about 26 % of the growth was
due to natural increase while the rest
74 % was the result of migration
during the decade 1981 – 1991.

40. • Such remarkable growth during the last 5 decades was due
to various reasons which includes
- Increases due to natural growth,
- Concentration of administrative activities in the city,
- Corresponding growth in tertiary economic activities like
trade and commerce, services, and commercial activities,
- Large in-migration to the city from surrounding areas
because of better avenues of employment opportunities,
better urban amenities together with low per capita
income in the agricultural sector.
• The population density of the city was about 4,800 persons
per sq. km. inside the municipal area of 135 sq. km. as per
the Census of India 2001 while it was 6,250 persons per sq.
km. inside the municipal area of 148 sq. km. as per the
Census of India, 2011.

41. D. SOCIO- ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
•The table presents the key social-economic feature of the city and their comparison
with that of the urban Orissa.
•It may be observed that the city had better workers participation rate (33.3%) than
that of the urban Orissa .
•Proportion of the main workers to the total workers is better in the city than the
urban Orissa.
•Literacy rate and the sex-ratio in the urban Orissa is better than that of the city.
•The Bhubaneshwar city has been functioning as an administrative city with sustained
growth in tertiary economic activities.
•Major economic activities of the city are trade and commerce, tourism related
activities and to some extent, industrial activities.
PARTICULARS ORISSA BHUBANESHWAR CITY
Workers Participation Rate – Urban ( in % ) 30.62 33.30
Proportion of Main Workers to Total Workers ( in % ) 89.80 94.76
Urban Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 males) 895 796
Literacy Rate ( in % ) 81.00 78.02
Source: Census of India, 2001

42. SECTOR NO. OF WORKERS % TO TOTAL
WORKERS
% TO TOTAL
POPULATION
Primary – Cultivators and Agricultural Labors 4,651 2.15 0.72
Secondary – Household Industries,
Manufacturing, Services and Repair
4,715 2.18 0.73
Tertiary – Trade and commerce, Transport
and Service Sector
206,667 95.67 31.89
Total 216,033 100.00 33.34
• The worker participation rate of the city was about 33.34% of the total population
as per the 2001 Census, comprising 204,702 main workers and 11,331 marginal
workers, totaling 216,033 workers.
• It was observed that the tertiary sector including commercial activities, trade and
commerce and related activities were predominant in nature with about 95.67 %
of the workers engaged in the sector.
• The primary sector including agriculture and its related activities constituted only
2.15 %
• The secondary sector including industrial activities was the next major
constituent sector of the it s economy.
Source: Census of India, 2001

43. E. INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES
• Bhubaneshwar enjoys the status of being an important place in India in the
production of various handicraft items like zari work, stone inlay, marble craft
and carpet craft.
• The stone inlay and applique work of the city are famous for their uniqueness
not only in India but also at abroad.
• Apart from cottage industries, there are 4 Industrial Estates in Bhubaneshwar,
namely Rasulgarh, Mancheswar, Chandaka Nuclear Industrial Complex(CNIC) and
Bhagabanpur.
• Since the CDP area of BDA has been declared as an Ai Pollution Control A ea ,
there is strict restriction on the use of fossil fuel.
• These industries are now facing threat of facing closure owing to critical
problems such as old technology and high production cost.
• These industrial areas do not have proper infrastructure including green belts,
drainage/sewerage system, waste disposal facilities, proper roads for
transportation of materials etc.
• The location of industries and especially the tourism activity of the city and the
likely impacts on the monuments are also to be critically viewed.

44. • Some of the large corporate houses that have setup their business in the
city includes Tata Consultancy Services, Satyam Computers and Infosys.
• On the whole , about 88 industries are operating in Bhubaneshwar area
comprising 3 large-scale industrial units, 34 medium-scale industrial units,
and 51 small-scale industrial units.

45. F. WATER SUPPLY
1. SOURCE
• The total potable water
supply quantum to
Bhubaneshwar city is met
from a combination of
surface and ground water
sources in the region.
• Mahanadi, Daya and Kuakhai
Rivers supply over 75 % of
the total daily per capita
requirement of potable
water, while the balance is
obtained from groundwater
sources such as open wells
and tube wells.

47. 2. SERVICE RESERVOIRS
The storage network of the existing water supply system comprises of
ground level service reservoirs (87 nos.) with a total storage capacity
of 32.00 ML and elevated service reservoirs (46 nos.) with a total
storage capacity of 8.40 ML.
3. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• The Pu li Health E gi ee i g O ga izatio U a ope ates
and maintains the existing system of water supply and
distribution in Bhubaneshwar.
• The p ese t dist i utio et o k o p isi g dist i utio ai s a d
lateral supply lines extends for a total length of 911 km. and it
covers about 55 % of the total road length of 1600 km.
• Cast i o a d PVC pipes a e utilized e te si el i the pipeli es.

48. 4. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR
An index of performance of the existing water supply system parameters benchmarked
against the standard requirements or service levels.
It is imperative to mention that the nominal standard/benchmark is the requisite level
of provision/delivery that is to be achieved over the existing and proposed urban
agglomeration area in Bhubaneshwar.
S.
NO.
PARAMETER / COMPONENTS SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK COMMENT /
REMARKS
1. Water Supply / Source 280 lpcd 150lpcd
(+15% loses)
Very high
2. Treatment Capacity 100% surface
water utilized
100 % Adequate
3. Storage (based on ultimate stage
water demand)
20% of daily water
demand
33 % Low, Requires
augmentation
4. Distribution System Coverage 57 % 100 % Low
5. Non – Revenue Water 33 % 15 % High , Economical
Source: PHEO (Urban) Report, Bhubaneshwar : 2006

49. DEMAND GAP ASSESSMENT
• An assessment of the existing gap in service levels in the water supply
sector in relation to the estimated future demand based on projected
growth in population.
• It is imperative that the present coverage of 57% be improved to the
minimum prescribed coverage of 85% of the population to ensure
equitable distribution.
• The balance 15% are usually provided access to water supply through a
system of public stand posts, hand pumps and localized sources.

50. 5. WATER QUALITY OF SURFACE SOURCES
• The water quality of both Kuakhai and Daya Rivers for desig ated-best-
use only satisfies the requirements partially and is classified as class C ,
which refers to D i ki g Water Source with Conventional Treatment and
Disi fe tio .
• It is imperative to maintain a high degree of treatment and disinfection
of raw water extracted from these sources and ensure compliance with
quality requirements as class A , which refers to D i ki g Water Source
without Conventional Treatment and Disi fe tio .
S.
NO.
PARAMETER WATER
QUALITY AT
KUAKHAI
WATER
QUALITY AT
DAYA
BENCHMARK DESIGNATED-
BEST-USE /
COMPLIANCE
1. pH 7.5 – 7.9 7.5 – 7.9 6.0 – 9.0 C / Nominal
2. Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (mg/lit)
2.3 – 3.8 3.9 – 5.0 < 3.0 mg/lit C /Exceeds
3. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/lit) 6.9 – 11 5.8 – 10.3 > 4.0 mg/lit C / Nominal
4. Total Colifom (per 100 ml) 288 – 6,669 451 – 11,000 < 5,000 C / High
Source: Environmental Management Plan, State Pollution Control Board, Orissa

51. 6. WATER QUALITY OF LAKES / PONDS
• Su fa e ate f o the follo i g ajo lakes / po ds is used to se e the it –
- Vani Vihar Lake - Baramunda Lake
- Brameshwar Temple Pond - Unit – IV Lake
- Mausima Temple Pond - Bindu Sagar
- Kedar Gouri Tank
• It a e see that the o e all ate ualit of these lakes does ot eet the e h a k fo
designated-best-use u de Class B . The efo e, these sou es a e ot suita le fo athi g
purposes.
• Si e, these ate odies a e ei g used fo eligious ituals, it is highl i pe ati e that
adequate measures be taken to ensure that incidental water quality at least meets the
i i u ite ia fo Class B .
S.
NO.
PARAMETER WATER
QUALITY
BENCHMARK DESIGNATED-BEST-
USE / COMPLIANCE
1. pH 6.5 – 7.5 6.0 – 8.5 B / Nominal
2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(mg/lit)
2.0 – 24.8 < 3.0 mg/lit B /High
3. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/lit) 4.2 – 7.1 > 5.0 mg/lit B / Moderate
4. Total Colifom (per 100 ml) 290 – 9,000 < 500 B / High
Source: Environmental Management Plan, State Pollution Control Board, Orissa

52. 7. WATER QUALITY OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
It can be seen that the overall quality in the distribution system
meets the water quality criteria for desig ated-best-use under
Class A which refers to D i ki g Water Source without
Conventional Treatment and Disi fe tio with only minimum
variation in some location which is not indicative of a threat to
drinking water quality in the existing piped water supply system of
Bhubaneshwar.
S.
NO.
PARAMETER WATER
QUALITY
BENCHMARK DESIGNATED-BEST-
USE / COMPLIANCE
1. pH 6.5 – 7.5 6.0 – 8.5 A / Nominal
2. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/lit) 2.0 – 24.0 > 6.0 mg/lit A / Nominal
3. Total Colifom (per 100 ml) 4.2 – 7.1 < 50 A / Nominal
Source: Environmental Management Plan, State Pollution Control Board, Orissa

53. G. UNDERGROUND SEWERAGE SYSTEM
1. EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM
• Bhubaneshwar is partially covered with underground sewage collection and
conveyance system comprising trunk sewers, branch sewer lines and
manholes.
• The ate ial of o st u tio of the se e li es salt-glazed
stoneware and RCC pipes.
• Se age olle ted at the I te ediate Pu pi g Statio s IPS is pu ped
with the help of primary sewage pumps to the influent distribution
chamber of the sewage treatment facility.
2. EXISTING SYSTEM OF SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
• Se age olle ted f o i di idual house se e o e tio s is o e ed
through the collection system to the Sewage Treatment Plants at different
locations.
• T eated aste ate is dis ha ges th ough outfalls to the Gangua Nallah and
finally to the Daya River.

54. 3. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR
• An index of performance of the existing underground sewerage
scheme parameters benchmarked against the standard
requirements.
• It is imperative to mention that the nominal standard / benchmark
is the requisite level of delivery that is to be achieved over the
existing and proposed urban agglomeration area in Bhubaneshwar.
S.
NO.
PARAMETER SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK COMMENT /
REMARKS
1. Sewage Collection System
Coverage
35 % 85 % Very low
2. Sewage Treatment Plants &
Function characteristic of
State Capitals
Oxidation Pond – 3 nos.
Aerated Lagoon – 3 nos.
Activated
Sludge
Process
Inadequate
and
Conventional
3. Revenue 33 % > 95 % Low ,
Uneconomical
Source: Orissa Water Supply and Sewerage Board , Bhubaneshwar, 2006

55. DEMAND GAP ASSESSMENT
• An assessment of the existing gap in service levels in the it s
sewerage sector in relation to the estimated future generation of
sewage based on projected growth in population.
• From the table below, it is evident that the present coverage and
functional sewage treatment capacity is seriously inadequate and
poses a potential threat to overall health and hygiene.
• Therefore, it is evident that the ewerage system needs to be
rehabilitated and augmented to a significant extent to ensure full
coverage and sustainability.
• It is also apparent from the demand gap assessment that a
significant quantity of land will be required for installation of
sewage treatment facilities.

57. H. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
• The BMC presently handles the solid waste collection, transportation and
disposal system within city (municipal) limits, which is headed by the Health
Officer & supported by sanitary supervisors, sweepers/loaders.
• Bhubaneshwar City generates about 300 MT of municipal solid waste every day
comprising both the biodegradable and non-biodegradable components.
S.
NO.
SOURCE BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
NON-
BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
TOTAL PERCENTAGE
1. Domestic 181.23 36.25 217.47 72.96
2. Hotels and Restaurants 16.80 2.23 19.03 6.38
3. Commercial 12.04 14.58 26.62 8.93
4. Institutions 9.94 11.15 21.09 7.07
5. Temples 5.07 0.25 5.32 1.79
6. Marriage halls 7.29 1.26 8.55 2.87
Total 232.36 65.72 298.07 100.00
Source: Report on Scheme for Integrated Sewerage and Solid Waste Management, Bhubaneshwar

58. 1. DISPOSAL OF WASTE
• Presently, BMC has adopted only dumping as a method of waste disposal.
• BMC has 8 temporary designated open dumping sites for disposal of
municipal solid waste, covering an area of about 18.5 acres of land within
city limits.

59. 2. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR
• An index of performance of the solid waste management sector
parameters benchmarked against the standard requirements.
• It is imperative to mention that the nominal standard / benchmark is the
requisite level of delivery that is to be achieved over the existing and
proposed urban agglomeration area in Bhubaneshwar.
S.
NO.
PARAMETER SERVICE
LEVEL
BENCHMARK COMMENT /
REMARKS
1. Per-Capita Generation 400 grams 250 grams Very high
2. Collection Performance 70 % 100 % Needs improvement
3. Spacing of Collecting Bins 4,200 m. 500 m. Inadequate
4. No. of Sanitary Workers per 1,000
Population
1.93 1.80 Almost adequate
5. Sanitary Workers per Supervisor 120 25 Grossly inadequate
Source: Bhubaneshwar Municipal Corporation, Bhubaneshwar, 2006

60. I. STORM WATER DRAINS
1. MAJOR DRAINS
Bhubaneshwar has a network of 10 major drains that are aligned from west to east and are situated in an arrayed
layout (north to south) perpendicular to the Gangua Nallah. These drains are maintained by Water Resource
Department (WRD).

61. 2. MINOR DRAINS
• It comprises of secondary and tertiary drains (surface and catchment) are maintained
by BMC.
• The total le gth of sto ate d ai s is app o i atel , k .
• The se o da a d te tia d ai s ith BMC li its asi all o e sto ate u
off from the road surface, household roof drains and from the catchment area in
undeveloped or partially developed portions of the city to the major drains.
• These se o da d ai s a e o st u ted ith laterite masonry or with cast-in-site
concrete lining.
3. PROBLEMS IN EXISTING SYSTEM
•Lack of periodic maintenance of masonry and other drains.
•Encroachment of drains and absence of a periodic inspection and encroachment
removal mechanism to determine further encroachment of drains.
•Delays during the construction stage in the case of major drains resulting in stability
problems.
•Paucity of funds for encroachment removal, drain reconstruction and maintenance
activities.

62. 4. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
• An index of performance of the existing storm water drainage system
parameters benchmarked against the standard requirement.
• It is imperative to mention that the standard / benchmark is the requisite
level of provision/delivery that is to be achieved over the existing and
proposed urban agglomeration area in Bhubaneshwar.
S.
No.
PARAMETER / COMPONENT SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK COMMENT/
REMARKS
1. Major Drains – Catchment
Area
75 % 100 % Inadequate
2. Minor Surface / Area Drains –
Coverage
(Drain Length / Road Length
Ratio)
90 % 130 % Adequate
3. Hydraulic Conveying Capacity
of Major Drains
Analysis not
made available
100 years return flood,
2 hours precipitation, 4
hours flow
Inundation
prone
areas.
Source:Water Resource Department, Bhubaneshwar, 2006

63. J. ROADS, TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION
1. ROADS
• Bhubaneshwar city has an extensive road network for a length of about 1,600 km. within
municipal limits.
• This figure includes national highways, state highways, corporation roads and other roads.
• The road network within the BMC limits is maintained by both the BMC and the Public
Works Department.
• The PWD maintains about 700 km. of main and arterial roads while the BMC maintains
about 900 km. of interior and minor roads.

64. 2. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION
• Traffic in Bhubaneshwar can be termed as heterogenous with two–wheelers
forming a substantial portion (77 %) of the traffic.
• The Bhubaneshwar – Cuttack National Highway (NH - 5) has been identified as
one of the most accident prone area with the region contributing to nearly 22 %
of the total accidents and 20 % of the total fatalities in the state.
• The primary reasons for this, are the following :
- Significant mix of fast moving and slow traffic.
- Lack of efficient traffic management measures.
S. NO. MODE SHARE ( IN % )
1. Two – wheelers 77
2. LMV ( cars, taxi, jeeps, etc. ) 11
3. Heavy Vehicles 10
4. Public Transport carriers ( buses ) 2
TOTAL 100
Source: Draft Report , Urban Transport Department, Bhubaneshwar, 2006

65. • The public transport system is inadequate in Bhubaneshwar
since the common bus service does not serve all areas.
• A subsequent volume of about 8,400 three-wheeler autos
runs along parallel bus routes and traffic generating routes.
Source: Draft Report ,
Urban Transport
Department,
Bhubaneshwar, 2006

66. 3. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR
• An index of performance of the roads sector parameters benchmarked
against the standard requirement.
• It is imperative to mention that the standard / benchmark is the requisite
level of provision/delivery that is to be achieved over the existing and
proposed urban agglomeration area in Bhubaneshwar.
S.
NO.
PARAMETER / COMPONENT SERVICE
LEVEL
BENCHMARK COMMENT / REMARKS
1. Fully Paved (Flexible & Rigid)
Road Length – BMC roads
84 % 96 % Satisfactory. Can upgrade
based on development
requirement.
2. Average Road Density 11.82
km./ sq. km.
10 – 15
km./sq. km.
Adequate
3. Per Capita Road Length 2.13 m. 1.5 – 2.0 m. Adequate
4. Vehicular increase per year 7.50 % 5 % Moderate
Source: Public Work Department and Bhubaneshwar Municipal Corporation, Bhubaneshwar, 2006

67. K. STREET LIGHTING
• BMC is responsible for provision and maintenance of street
lights within corporation limits.
• BMC handles material procurement, installation and
maintenance through qualified and approved contractors.
• Provision of street lights in Bhubaneshwar comprised sodium
vapor lamps (approx. 6,000 nos.) and tube lights (approx.
12,000 nos.).
• Other general lighting service filaments includes high-mast and
semi high-mast cluster lights at major intersections and
roundabouts.
• Private sector participation in maintenance of street lighting is
being introduced in a phased manner where initially 12 out of
47 wards have been divided into 4 zones and privatized
through contracts.

68. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR
An index of performance of the street light sector parameters
benchmarked against the standard requirement.
S.NO. PARAMETER / COMPONENT SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK COMMENT /
REMARKS
1. Spacing between Lamp Posts 88 m. < 30 m. Very high spacing
2. Proportion of Fluorescent
Tube Lights
66.67 % 70 – 80 % Almost Adequate
3. Proportion of Sodium Vapor
Lamps
33.33 % 20 – 30 % Adequate
Source: Bhubaneshwar Municipal Corporation, Bhubaneshwar ; 2006

69. L. OBSERVATIONS
• The development in Bhubaneshwar even today is based on the Master
Plan prepared in 1968. The approach of the master plan lacks inputs on
the environmental considerations. The environmental requirements of
the city to suit to its functions, as a tourist city and a centre of trade and
commerce were not well reflected in the plan.
• The city although has a number of craftsmen with skills in stone-inlay,
applique work, wood carving, brassware, horn work, bamboo articles,
silver filigree works, textile painting etc. hardly these activities are
organised and emphasized. These activities have tremendous tourism
potential and provide employment opportunity to the local people, if are
properly organised.
• The city was planned built on a grid iron pattern. With the process of time
it started developing in a rectangular shape. But due to the low lying
flood plain of the Daya River, the distributary of Kuakhai in the south and
the east and the location of the Bharatpur Reserve Forest in the north
and the north west.

70. • Commercial areas in the city are characterized by problems relating to
limitation of space, storage, on-street loading/unloading, heterogeneous
traffic predominant by slow mode vehicles and idle parking etc.
• The traffic and transportation system is also inadequate.
• There is 1 bus terminus near Baramunda bus stand, which bring in not
only the tourists but also the local passengers.
• Non-availability of required parking facilities pose problems, which
ultimately leads to traffic congestion.
• Lack of drainage and sewerage system due to which the water of the
religious tanks are being polluted with inflow of drainage and sewerage
system.
• Solid waste generated in the area is being dumped along the drains and
the boundaries of the ponds posing environmental problem.

71. THANK YOU