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HINDI
HINDI
Hindi
1.
v/;k; 2c
izk.kh txr 2-b-1 lkekU; fooj.k General Description /kkSyiqj ftys dk ou {ks= fj;klr dky esa tkxhjnkjksa }kjk f’kdkjxkgksa ds :Ik esa izcaf/kr fd;k tk jgk FkkA ftldk foLr`r o.kZu v/;k; ‘oU;tho izcU/ku’ esa foLrkj ls fd;k x;k gSA ml dky esa oU;thoksa dh la[;k o fofo/krk vf/kd Fkh ijUrq Lora=rk mijkUr tula[;k o`f) rhoz xfr ls gqbZ ftlls ouksa ,oa oU; izk.kh;ksa ij foijhr izHkko iMk bruk gha ugha fiNys 50 o"kksZa esa ftys esa gqvkA vkS|ksfxdj.k ls Hkh oU;izkf.k;ksa ij gkfudkjd izHkko gqvk o deh vk;hA fiNys rhu n’kdksa esa fofHkUu ;kstukvksa ds rgr jkT; ljdkj ds }kjk vusd o`{kkjksi.kksa ds }kjk ou {ks=ksa esa o`{kksa dh ?kuRork esa gqbZ o`f) ds dkj.k oU; Ik’kqvksa esa o`f) ds ladsr fn[kkbZ nsus yxs gSaA iwoZ esa f’kdkj djuk jktifjokjksa rd gh lhfer Fkk ijUrq Lora=rk mijkUr oU; izkf.k;ksa dh lqj{kk ml dBksjrk ls ugha gks ikbZ tSlh dh jtokMksa ds dky esa gksrh FkhA 2-b--2 oU;tho izcU/ku dk bfrgkl ftyk /kkSyiqj iwoZ esa ftyk Hkjriqj dk ,d lc fMohtu FkkA o"kZ 15 vizSy 1982 esa ftyk /kkSyiqj dh LFkkiuk gqbZA 1947 ls iwoZ oU;tho izcU/ku /kkSyiqj fj;klr }kjk fd;k tkrk jgk gSA o"kZ 1925 esa ÞHkjriqj ou vf/kfu;eÞ izHkko’khy gqvkA bl {ks= dks o"kZ 1956 esa jktLFkku ljdkj us vius v/khu fy;kA o"kZ 1965 esa Hkjriqj ds rRdkyhu 'kkldksa us rsUnq, dk vfUre f’kdkj fd;k FkkA bl {ks= esa jktLFkku ou vf/kfu;e 1953 o oU;tho laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1972 ykxw gSA ou e.My /kkSyiqj esa pkj oU;tho vkjf{kr {ks= gSa % ¼i½ oufogkj oU;tho vHk;kj.; ;g oU;tho vHk;kj.; /kkSyiqj ds iwoZ 'kkldksa ds iqjkus oU;tho lajf{kr {ks= gS] fnoaxr egkjktk mn;Hkku flag oU;thoksa dks vius gkFk ls f[kykrs FksA orZeku esa oU;thoksa c?ksjk] fgj.k] lkaHkj vkfn dh la[;k esa Hkkjh deh vuqHko dh tk jgh gSA ikuh ds i{kh rFkk ckgj ls vkus okys i{kh Hkh dsljckx o jkelkxj vHk;kj.; esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA ;g vHk;kj.; foa/;u Ja`[kyk ds iBkj ij rFkk pEcy unh dh dUnjkvksa esa fLFkr gSaA ou {ks=ksa esa eq[;r% /kksd] [kSj] Nhyk] lark] s dnEc] fcjfcjk vkfn ik;s tkrs gaSaA ou {ks=ksa dh l?kurk o oU; i'kqvksa dh la[;k esa vusd tSfod dkj.kksa ls yxkrkj deh gksrh tk jgh gSA oufogkj oU;tho vHk;kj.; tks fd 25-66 oxZ fdeh- esa QSyk gSA ftyk eq[;ky; /kkSyiqj ls ;g vHk;kj.; 20 fdyks ehVj dh nwjh ij gSA bl vHk;kj.; dks jkT; ljdkj ds vkns’k la[;k ,Q¼11½ i;kZoj.k / 85 fnukad 5 vDVwcj] 1989 dks vHk;kj.; ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSSA mDr vf/klwpuk ds tfj;s bl oU;tho vHk;kj.; esa rhu ou[k.M] jkelkxj] oufogkj o dsjckx lfEefyr fd;s x;s gSaA jkelkxj ou {ks= dk oU;thoksa dh n`f"V ls izcU/ku dk bfrgkl gS rFkk oufogkj ou {ks= ds fy;s i`Fkd ds jst a l`ftr dj ogka mDr oU;tho vHk;kj.; {ks= dh ns[kjs[k ds fy, deZpkjh in LFkkfir gSaA okLro oufogkj vHk;kj.; nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gSA izFke Hkkx /kkSyiqj ftys ds vfUre Nksj ij gS tcfd nwljk Hkkx jkelkxj dh vksj gS ftldh lhek ds vUnj jkelkxj >hy fLFkr gSA jkelkxj >hy esa vusd tyh; izk.kh ik;s tkrs gaSa] rktk ikuh ds exjePN] fo’ks"k izdkj dh
2.
eNfy;ka o lkaiA
bl >hy ij lnhZ ds ekSle esa fofHkUu izdkj ds gal o cr[ksa czhfMax ds fy;s cMh la[;k esa vkrs gSaA oufogkj] dsljckx o jkelkxj {ks= bruk cMk gS fd thi ;k vU; lk/ku cxSj iw.kZr% ns[kk tkuk laHko ugha gSA vHk;kj.; {ks= easa ik;s tkus okys oU;tho bl vHk;kj.; esa Hkxsjk] jhaN] taxyh lwvj] lkaHkj] uhyxk;] dkyk fgju] fpadkjk] phry vkfn oU;i'kqq ik;s tkrs gaSaA bl ou {ks= esa fy;ksikMZdsV] taxyh fcYyh] ykseMh] xhnM] HksfM;k] lhosV] >kÅ pwgk] gstgksx] tj[k vkfn Hkh de la[;k esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh pacy unh esa gksdj e-iz- ls taxyh dqÙks Hkh bl vksj vk tkrs gaSa o oU; Ik’kqvksa dks Hkkjh gkfu igqaprs gSaA i{kh bl ou {ks= esa eksj cscylZ] rhrj] rksrs] c;k ,oa bl tyh; if{k;ksa esa nuZl] fLVoV] Lukbi] Iyksoj] ls.Mikbij] xszgjksUl] iks.M&gsjksUl] ijiy ewj gsUl] ysifox] Luso cMZl] dkseksZjUV s vkbZfcl] LVkWd QstsUV] tsdkuk vkfn ns[ks x;s gSaA ljhliZ&iwoZ esa jkelkxj esa exjePN Hkh gksrs FksA bl ou {ks=ksa esa vusd izdkj dh fNidfy;ka o ljhliZ Hkh ik;k tkuk lkekU; gSA Hkkoh izcU/ku gsrq lq>ko bl vHk;kj.; esa oU;tho izHkkx }kjk fy[kh x;h ;kstuk vuqlkj dk;Zokgh gksuh gSA bl dk;Z ;kstuk vo/kh esa gj izdkj ds f’kdkj dh jksdFkke dh tkosxhA ou foJke x`g ds lehi rky&rcsyh ij xktj] pus vkfn oU;thoksa ds fy;s j[ks tkrs FksA ;g Hkh lq>ko fn;k tkrk gS fd Qynkj o`{kksa ds o`{kkjksi.k] rky&rcsyh >hy ds ikl fd;k tkuk pkfg;s o Tokj] pkSayk vkfn Hkh mxk;s tkdj oU; i'kqvksa dks f[kyk;k tkuk pkfg;sA oU;tho x.kuk % oU;thoksa dh lgh la[;k tkuus ds fy;s] mi ou laj{kd /kkSyiqj }kjk ekg ebZ esa ou fogkj&jkelkxj ds oU;thoksa dh x.kuk eq[; o fo’oluh; vk/kkj gSA bl ou e.My esa fiNys ikap o"kksZa dk oU;tho x.kuk izfrosnu uhps n’kkZ;h xbZ lkj.kh vuqlkj gSA” ¼ii½ dsljckx % ;g oU;tho vkjf{kr {ks= 14-76 oxZ fdeh- esa QSyk gqvk gS ijUrq blesa egRoiw.kZ oU; thoksa dk vHkko gS ijUrq dHkh dHkh ogkWa ij Hkkyw fn[kkbZ ns tkrk gSA ¼iii½ jkelkxj vHk;kj.; % ;g oU;tho vkjf{kr {ks= 34-41 oxZ fd-eh- eas QSyk gqvk gS] ftlesa ,d n`’;uh; jkelkxj >hy gS ftlesa exjePN] eNfy;ksa o ty ds lkai ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA tyh; i{kh tSls] dksjeksjsUVl] lQsn czsLVsM ty eqxhZ] ewjgsu] tdkuk] jhoj VuZ] Iyksoj] lasMikbZij] iiZy ewjgsUl dks ns[kk tkuk dkQh lkekU; gSA ¼ iv½ jk"Vªh; pEcy ¼?kfM;ky½ oU;tho vHk;kj.; % mÙkjh Hkkjr dh pEcy unh ,d ,slh unh gS ftl ij tula[;k dk ncko fo’ks"k ugha gS A ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;g {ks= oU;thoksa o oU; i'kqvksa ds ekeys esa le`) gS o tSo fofo/krk ik;h tkrh gSA bl vHk;kj.; esa xsaxfVd MkWyfQUl Hkh ik;h tkrh gS tksfd nqyZHk gks x;h gSA bl s vHk;kj.; dh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1978 esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj ;g rhu jkT;kaas ¼jktLFkku] e/;izn’k o mÙkj s izn’k½ ds 5400 oxZ fd- eh- esa QSyh gSA bl {ks= esa MkWyfQUl gh egRoiw.kZ ugha gS cfYd exj s o ?kfM;ky Hkh blesa ik;s tkrs gaSaA pEcy unh dh 400 fdeh- yEckbZ jktLFkku es vkrh gSA
3.
/kkSyiqj ftys esa
unh dh yEckbZ yxHkx 133 fd-eh- gSA pEcy unh ds e/;e ls cka;s fdukjs o cka;s fdukjs ls 1 fd-eh- ckgj rd dk {ks= pEcy vHk;kj.; esa vkrk gSA bl izdkj pEcy vHk;kj.; dk yxHkx 150 oxZ fd-eh- {ks= /kkSyiqj esa iM+rk gSA bl vHk;kj.; esa lkbZcfj;k s rd ls izoklh i{kh vkrs gSaA pEcy vHk;kj.; {ks= ds 1 fd-eh- ds nk;js esa vkus okyh xk¡oksa dh lwph fuEu izdkj ls gS %& ½ ¼v½ ck;ksLQh;j dh LFkkiuk dsfUnz; ou ea=h egksn; us ;g ?kks"k.kk dh gS fd ,d foLr`r Þjktho xka/kh ck;ks LQh;j fjtoZÞ cuk;k tk;sxk tks fd /kkSyiqj ls >kykokM rd QSyk gksxk o ftldk {ks=Qy 11506 oxZ fd-eh- gksxkA ;g jkT; ds egRoiw.kZ ou {ks=ksa dks tksMsxkA ftlesa oU; i'kq Lora= :i ls fopj.k dj ldsaA blds fy, ;wusLdks dk ck;ksLQh;j dk;ZØe ykxw gksxkA bl vkjf{kr {ks= esa iwohZ jktLFkku ds vusd jk"Vªh; m|ku o vHk;kj.; gksaxA bl ;kstuk dk eq[;ea=h egksn; dh s v/;{krk esa gq, dsfcusV cSBd esa vuqeksnu gks x;k gSA bl ;kstuk ls izd`fr ,oa ekuo esa lkeatL; LFkkfir gksxkA bl vkjf{kr {ks= esa] /kkSyiqj ds vHk;kj.;] jkelkxj] oufogkj o dslj ckx gksxs lkFk gh djkSyh dh dSyknsoh vHk;kj.; lokbZ ek/kksij ds j.kFkEHkkSj jk"Vªh; m|ku] a q lokbZ ek/kksflag o ekuflag vHk;kj.;] canh ftys dk jkex< vHk;kj.;] dksVk ftys ds njkZ o w tokgjlkxj vHk;kj.; o pEcy jk"Vªh; m|ku ,oa ckjka ftys dk 'ksjx< o fpÙkkSMx< ftys dk HkSaljksMx< vHk;kj.; gksxA a s /kkSyiqj ou e.My esa ik;s tkus okys tyh; i{kh if{k;ksa dh cgqr lh ,slh iztkfr;ka gSa ftudk vfLrRo [krjs esa gS muesa ls eq[; gS%& Hkwfe ij ik;s tkus okys f’kdkj ds i{kh gS %& vU; Hkw i{kh gS & okjcyZl] cscyjl] ch bZVZl] cqycqy] cfUVXl] psV~l] rhrj ,oa cVsjA psLVuV] fyfVy dksjeksjsUV ,oa ijiy gsjksu tks fd izk;% cka/k ds vkl&ikl ns[kus esa vkrs gSA 2-b--3- orZeku fLFkfr ftys esa lajf{kr {ks=kas dks NksMdj vU; ou {ks=ksa esa fLFkfr mRlkgo/kZd ugha gSA oU;tho ,oa ou fu;e 1951 ykxw gksus rFkk 1955 esa oU;tho laj{k.k cksMZ dh LFkkiuk ds rFkk lu~ 1972 esa oU;tho laj{k.k vf/kfu;e cu tkus ds i'pkr~ oU;tho laj{k.k dh fn’kk esa dqN iz;kl gq, gSa] ijUrq oU;thoksa ds lac/k esa ftys dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe vR;Ur gh fc[kjs gq, ou {ks= dh a orZeku ifjfLFkfr esa oU;thoksa dks mfpr vkJ; iznku djus vkSj mudh la[;k dks lEekutud fLFkfr esa ykus gsrq iz;kl djus vkSj vf/kdkjksa dh vR;ar gh foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx dh vko’;drk gSA (i) Lruik;h oxZ bl ftys ds ou {ks=ksa esa Lruik;h oxZ ds xhnM+] uhyxk;k] ykseM+h vkfn oU; izkf.k;ksa dh la[;k vf/kd gSA ;s izk;% ou {ks= eas fn[kkbZ ns tkrs gSA vU; Lruikf;ksa eas phry] lwvj] tj[k] Hkkyw
4.
vkfn dh la[;k
de gSA vR;f/kd xehZ ds ekSle esa tc ou {ks=ksa esa Hkkstu] ikuh o Nk;k dh oU;tho deh vuqHko djrs gSa rc os vkcknh okys {ks=ksa esa izos’k djrs gSa rc gh oU;thoksa dh mifLFkfr ds ladsr feyrs gSaA bl oxZ dh foLr`r lwph dk;Z vk;kstuk ds vkjEHk eas nh xbZ gSA vkjf{kr ou {ks=ksa esa ikyrw HkSalksa o vkokjk eosf’k;kas dk ncko vf/kd gSA bu ou {ks=ksa esa vc 2-6 s ehVj Åaph nhokj cukdj oU; izkf.k;ksa tSls Ukhyxk;] phry o taxyh lwvjksa vkfn dh lqj{kk dh tkosxhA (ii) ou {ks= esa ik;s tkus okys i{kh% ftys esa vusd cka/k o rkykc gksus ls fofHkUu izoklh o vizoklh if{k;ksa ds fy;s cgqr mi;qDr gSaA lfnZ;ksa esa phu] vQxkfuLrku] rqfdZLrku ,oa lkbZcfj;k vkfn ls cMh la[;k esa i{kh lfnZ;ka s O;rhr djus vkrs gSaA bu oU;tho okys vkjf{kr {ks=ksa esa nynyh Hkwfe gksus ls if{k;ksa dks dhMksa ds :i esa i;kZIRk Hkkstu o ikuh Hkjk gksus ls vU; i'kqvksa ls lqj{kk fey tkrh gSA i{kh izsfe;ksa ds fy;s ;g LoxZ leku gSA (iii) izokgh tyL=ksrksa esa i{kh oxhsZ; oU;tho izokgh tyL=ksrksa esa vkSj mlds vkl&ikl fuEu iztkfr ds i{kh ns[ks tk ldrs gSa %& dqL;k pkgk] cMk if=axk] ykyflj if=axk] if=axk] uhydaB] gqlSuh fi??kk] iihgk] cqycqy] igkMh a a a cqycqy] xanke] [kjfi??kk] dkyk fi??kk] Vhlk] fpyfpy] vkMh] NksVk calrk] ty dksOok cMk] dwdk] dwt] dwt] djdjk] lkjl] dks;y] pkrd iihgk] dkL;k] iuMqch] MqxMqxh] NksVh QkLkyk] a a fljksVh Qklyk] ?kkjs Qklyk] Hkqtax] igkMh Hkqtaxk] pdok&pdoh] lq[kkZc] udVk] [kqejkt] rhjij] 'kkgckt] egHkaxk] lkaiekj] mdkc] lqf[kZ;k cxqyk] cMk cxqyk] djfN;k cxqyk] yxwaj] fn;ksjk] vafx;k] jktgal] Qwypqdh] 'kkg cqycqy] rqjkZ] ukpu] gal] djokud] fxjfxVekj] fdyfdyk] dkcqn] vatu] dklk cxqyk] dkd dk[kjkbZ] va/kk cxqyk] vatu] gqngqn] /kus'k] dksOok] lQsn ckt] 'kksfcxks] figq;k] taxyh dksOok] NksVh taxyh eqxhZ] dL;k] Ckknkeh] Nksvk fdyfdyk] dks;kyfdl fdyk] fdy fdyk] ?kksfc;k phy] Pkhy] fVVksMh] jsMl] esuk] taxyh vkE;k] eqdqV] a pVku vckchy] igkMh cykyp'e] ty eqxhZ] esuk] ckeuh esauk] ns'kh esauk] igkMh esauk] igkMh a cykyp'e] nq/kjkt] djfp;k] gfj;y] Pkjpjh] lqqjeqfu;k] fFkjfFkjk] dyfpjh] ns;kj] fry;sj] HkVrhrj] lkr cfgu] pq"kdk] f?kjkg] f'kdjk] NksVk yVksjk] lQsn yVksjk] dkeyk yVksjk] pgk] rjrh rb;k] xksjb;k fpfM;k] xtiksu] x#M] yksg lakjx] tkaf?ky] nks[k] yxyx] dj[kkud] 'kdj[kksjk] vckfcy] elftn vckfcy] dchyk] njth] Qqndh] NksVh eqxkZch] eqjxqjkZ] psrok] Vsgjh dqjkZ] jke xaxjk] egkykV] jktfx)] fx)] lQsn fx)] [katu i{kh] ?kksou] ikuh dk fiy[kqvk] tyeqxhZ] c;k] daBQksMk (iv) fof'k"V&i{kh /kkSyiqj ou e.My esa neksg ou [k.M ¼jst ljeFkqjk½ eas lcls ?kus ou orZeku esa Hkh fo|eku gS] a ;gka yEcs le; rd cgus okyk >juk o dq.M Hkh gS ijUrq bl {ks= dh lokZf/kd fof’k"Vrk okyh ckr gS ;gka ij foyqIr gksus ds dxkj okyh iztkfr dk i{kh lQsn fx) ¼ White rumped
5.
Vulture i.e. Gyps
bengalensis½] vc Hkh dHkh&dHkh fn[kkbZ ns tkrk gS tcfd fiNys nks n’kd esa iwjs ,f’k;k egk}hi aeas budh la[;k 99-9 izfr’kr de gks xbZ gSA o"kZ 1985 eas ;g i{kh bl {ks= esa >q.M eas ns[kk x;k Fkk vkSj ml le; ;g O;FkZ dk i{kh le>k tkrk Fkk] ijUrq vc ;g “js;j cMZ” dh dh Js.kh eas vk x;k gSA ,d le; Fkk tc i{kh fo’ks"kK bldks vQzhdk ds lQsn fx) iztkfr dk gh le>rs FksA vkSj bls Oriental white backed vulture ds uke ls iqdkjrs Fks A (v) ljhl`Ik oxZ ftys esa ljhl`Ik oxZ ds izk.kh Hkh dkQh la[;k esa ik;s tkrs gaSA bldk izeq[k dkj.k gS ftys esa tu Hk.Mkjksa dh i;kZIrrkA ftys esa lkekU;r% ik;s tkus okys ljhl`Ik oxZ ds izkf.k;ksa dh lwph fuEukuqlkj gS%& nynyh dNqvk] fxjfxV] lkaMk] xksg] vtxj] /kke.k] Ukkx] djk;r] phŸkh] NksVh phŸkh] Ikkuh dk lkai] Ukkxj cke.kh] cke.kh (vi) eNfy;ka ftys esa 58 iztkfr;ka eNfy;ka Hkh ns[kh xbZ gSaA ftuesa ls vQzhdu dsVfQ’k cgqr gh [krjukd geykoj gSA lcls T;knk eNfy;ka ogka ik;h tkrh gSa tgka ouLifr de gks o ikuh [kqyk gksA /kkSyiqj ftyk] esa cka/kksa ds dkj.k ty ds Hk.Mkjksa ds lEcU/k esa cgqr le`) gSA /kkSyiqj ftys esa flapkbZ ds fy;s rkykc o dq,sa fo|eku gSA ;s Hkh fdlh ,d {ks= fo’ks"k esa u gksdj leLr ftys esa QSys gq, gSaA buds vfrfjDr ftys esa flapkbZ] iapk;r lfefr] ty xzg.k {ks= fodkl foHkkx] ftyk ifj"kn o ou foHkkx )kjk u;s ,fudsV`l izLrkfor gq;s gSaA blds vfrfjDr ftys esa pEcy o xaHkhjh ufn;ka o ugjsa Hkh fo|eku gSA o"kkZ dky esa eNfy;ksa dk iztuu vkjEHk gks tkrk gSA /kkSyiqj ftys ds tyk’k;ksa esa ik;h tkus okyh eq[; eRL; iztkfr;ka fuEukuqlkj gS %& jksg]w Eklksj] dryk] ykaph] flaxh] xzkl dkWiZ] dkeu dkWiZ] flyoj dksiZ] dkyksV] fla?kkMkA dkiZ eNfy;ka Loa; ds otu ls T;knk ?kkl [kkrh gS vr% bl tkfr dh eNfy;ksa dks rkykcksa esa ?kkl fu;a=.k gsrq ikyk tkrk gS dryk] jksg]w fexy cktkj esa fcdus okyh eq[; iztkfr;ka gSaA blfy;s bl iztkfr ds fy;s ty cnyko vko’;d gSA /kkSyiqj esa eNfy;ksa ds cht jk"Vªh; eRL; tho mUur QkeZ esa rS;kj fd;s tkrs gaSA ftys esa 10 eRl; ikyu o iztuu dsUæ dk;Zjr gSaA eRL; foHkkx ls izkIr tkudkjh ds vuqlkj ftys esa eRL; ls izkIr vk; fuEukuqlkj jgh gS%& (vii) mHk;pj %& /kkSyiqj ou e.My esa eq[;r% N% izdkj ds esa<d ns[ks x;s gaSA Qseyh jsuhMh s dh 4 iztkfr;ka o ekbØksfQyhMh dh nks iztkfr;kaA vFkkZr~ jktLFkku esa ik;h tkus okyh dqy ckjg iztkfr;ksa esa ls vkB iztkfr;ka ;gka ns[kh xbZ gSaA tks fd fuEukuqlkj gSa %& 2-b-4- oU;tho laj{k.k
6.
jkT; esa oU;thoksa
ds laj{k.k dk dk;Z i`Fkd 'kk[kk }kjk fd;k tk jgk gS] ftlds izHkkjh iz/kku eq[; ou laj{kd ,oa eq[; oU;tho izfrikyd gSaA ftys eas oU;thoksa dk izcU/ku mi ou laj{kd /kkSyiqj }kjk fd;k tk jgk FkkA ¼1½ lajf{kr {ks=ksa eas fuEu dk;Z lEikfnr fd;s tkrs gSa (i) oU;tho vkokl LFkyks esa lq/kkj dk;ZA (ii) tyL=ksr fuekZ.k dk;ZA (iii) vfXu fu;a=.k mik; dk;ZA
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