2. BIOINFORMATICS
BIOINFORMATICS
• Introduction to bioinformatics
• History
• Aim scope and importance of bioinformatics
• Origin of bioinformatics its application and benefits in life science
industry.
• Research areas of bioinformatics.
• Fundamentals of Internet: WWW, HTML, URLs Browsers,
Netscape/Opera/Explorer Search Engines: Google, NCBI,
PUBMED, entraz
3. BIOINFORMATICS
INTRODUCTION TO BIOINFORMATICS
• Definition: Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary
scientific field that develops methods and software tools
for storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing
biological data. As an interdisciplinary field,
bioinformatics combines computer
Science, statistics, mathematics and engineering to
study biological data and processes.
5. BIOINFORMATICS
BIOINFORMATICS DEALS WITH
• Design and implementation of new algorithms and statistics which
assess relationship among members of large data sets.
• Analysis and interpretation of various data types, which includes
nucleotide and amino acid sequences and structure of protein.
• To develop computational tools and databases that enables efficient
analysis, access and management of biologically significant
information.
6. BIOINFORMATICS
AIMS OF BIOINFORMATICS
• Improve content and utility of databases.
• Develop better tools for data generation, capture, and annotation.
• Develop and improve tools and databases for comprehensive
functional studies.
• Develop and improve tools for representing and analyzing sequence
similarity and variation.
• Create mechanisms to support effective approaches for producing
robust, exportable software that can be widely shared.
7. BIOINFORMATICS
GOALS OF BIOINFORMATICS
• Development and implementation of computer programs that enable
efficient access to , use and management of various type of
information
• Development of new algorithms and statistical measures with which
to assess relationships among members of large data.
• Understanding the biological process
• Pattern reorganization
• Seq. alignment
• Gene finding
• Assembly
• Drug designing
• Protein structure alignment
• Gene expression
• Genome annotation
9. BIOINFORMATICS
The IBM 7090 computer, which Margaret Dayhoff used for her
early work
Margaret Oakley Dayhoff (Ruth Dayhoff's mother), who created the
first large scale database of protein sequences, and developed many
of the algorithms for analysis of relatedness of proteins, early 1970s
2.
11. BIOINFORMATICS
WHAT ARE THE BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS?
• What is the role of a particular gene?
• Does a particular gene help cause a disease?
• How does a drug affect a cell?
• Can we insert a gene into corn to protect it against diseases or
pests?
• Can we design a drug to accomplish a particular purpose?
• Can we build a cell that eats pollution?
14. BIOINFORMATICS
Why Is Bioinformatics So Important?
• Global perspective in experimental design the ability to
capitalize on the emerging technology of database-
mining - the process by which testable hypotheses are
generated regarding the function or structure of a gene
or protein of interest by identifying similar sequences in
better characterized organisms.
• Although a human disease may not be found in exactly
the same form in animals, there may be sufficient data
for an animal model that allow researchers to make
inferences about the process in humans.
30. BIOINFORMATICS
APPLICATIONS OF BIOINFORMATICS
• Knowledge-based drug design, forensic DNA analysis, and
agricultural biotechnology.
• Computational studies of protein–ligand interactions
• Knowledge of the three-dimensional structures of proteins
• This informatics-based approach significantly reduces the time and
cost necessary to develop drugs with higher potency, fewer side
effects, and less toxicity than using the traditional trial-and-error
approach.
• In forensics, results from molecular phylogenetic analysis have been
accepted as evidence
• Genomics and bioinformatics are now poised to revolutionize
our healthcare system by developing personalized and customizing
medicine
31. BIOINFORMATICS
• Bioinformatics tools are being used in agriculture as well.
• Plant genome databases and gene expression profile analyses have
played an important role in the development of new crop varieties
that have higher productivity and more resistance to disease.
APPLICATIONS OF BIOINFORMATICS
8.
34. BIOINFORMATICS
.
LIMITATION OF BIOINFORMATICS
• Bioinformatics is Bioinformatics and experimental biology are
independent, but complementary, activities.
• Bioinformatics depends on experimental science to produce raw
data for analysis. It, in turn, provides useful interpretation of
experimental data and important leads for further experimental
research.
• Quality of bioinformatics predictions depends on the quality of data
and the sophistication of the algorithms being used.
• Sequence data from high throughput analysis often contain errors. If
the sequences are wrong or annotations incorrect, the results from the
downstream analysis are misleading as well.
• They often make incorrect predictions that make no sense when
placed in a biological context. Errors in sequence alignment.
36. BIOINFORMATICS
MAJOR RESEARCH AREA
• Computational evolutionary biology
• Sequence analysis
• Genome annotation
• Analysis of regulation
• In cancer Analysis of mutations
• Comparative genomics
37. BIOINFORMATICS
Origin of internet
The management and, more importantly, accessibility of the
data is directly attributable to the development of the Internet,
particularly the World Wide Web (WWW).
Originally developed for military purposes in the 60's and
expanded by the National Science Foundation
in the 80's, scientific use of the Internet grew dramatically
following the release of the WWW by CERN in 1992.
38. BIOINFORMATICS
HTML
• The WWW is a graphical interface based on hypertext by which
text and graphics can be displayed and highlighted.
• Each highlighted element is a pointer to another document or an
element in another document which can reside on any internet
host computer. Page display, hypertext links and other features
are coded using a simple, cross-platform HyperText Markup
Language (HTML) and viewed on UNIX workstations, PCs and
Apple Macs as WWW pages using a browser.
39. BIOINFORMATICS
ASSIGNMENT -1--------------------------------10 Marks
1. What is bioinformatics? Why do people consider it as an
interdisciplinary subject
2. What are the necessary skills required for bioinformatics study?
3. Write about history of bioinformatics.
4. Describe the application of bioinformatics.
5. What is NCBI?
6. What is Entraz?
7. What is search engine?
8. What is PubMed?
9. Enlist the major research areas of bioinformatics.
10. Give the importance of bioinformatics in biological science.
40. BIOINFORMATICS
Test-1-----------------------------------------------10
Marks
1. What is bioinformatics?-------------------------------------------------1
2. Describe the application of bioinformatics.------------------------2
3. What is NCBI?-------------------------------------------------------------1
4. What is Entraz?-----------------------------------------------------------1
5. What is PubMed?---------------------------------------------------------1
6. Enlist the major research areas of bioinformatics.---------------4
41. BIOINFORMATICS
Web and Books References
• Books Name :
1. Introduction To Bioinformatics by T. K. Attwood
2. BioInformatics by Sangita
3. Basic Bioinformatics by S.Ignacimuthu, s.j.
4. Application of bioinformatics by david mount
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics
• http://bioinformaticsweb.net/applications.html
• http://bioinformaticsinstitute.ru/sites/default/files/lapidus_1_0.pdf
• History:
http://www.bioinformatics.nl/webportal/background/timeline.html
• Links: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
41