1. Chapter 1
Diversity amid globalization
As the title of the book suggests, this
course examines the world around us.
As geographers, we search for spatial
patterns and information to
understand WHY these patterns exist.
For example, we can ask ourselves
why there are so many people from
various parts of Asia living in Qatar.
They come for work in the oil
economy.
A food-court type restaurant in the City
Center Mall Doha, Qatar that caters
specifically to the Pilipino resident workers
there.
(Photo credit: N Jensen, 2011.)
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2. Concept 1:Globalization
The increasing
interconnectedness of people
and places throughout the world
through converging processes of
economic, political and cultural
change.
2

3. For example, many processes thought to be local or assigned to a certain place are
actually the result of actions occurring around the globe. VW, a German auto maker,
has parts of its production in places such as Latin America and southern Africa to
minimize cost.
3

4. Global drug trafficking
Here is another example of how places interconnect, this time in the informal (and in
this case, illegal) economy.
4

5. Hybridization
Global trends meld with local
traditions.
 Examples include aspects of:




Global consumer culture (i.e. brand names)
Transnational firms (like Apple, McDonald’s)
International migration (such as Sudanese
refugees in Chad)
5

6. The opening of
the MacDonald’s
in Fez, Morocco.
How is this location similar
to others you have seen?
How is it different?
6

7. Self quiz
Read the section in the book entitled
“Advocates and critics of
globalization” (pages 6-11 in 5th
edition)
 Answer the following question:


Why are some people advocates of
Globalization? What are the benefits of the
trend? What are the negative or objections of
those who are critics of globalization?
7

8. Theme 1. Population and
Settlement
At various scales
City
Country
Region
Globally
8

9. World population density.
What accounts for the population pattern?
Why do people live in some places but not others?
9

10. World Urbanization Pattern
Urban=city. Why are some places more urban than others? What is the pattern
displayed on this map? Is there anything on this map that is surprising?
10

11. How does population grow?
1.Naturally. Balance between births
and deaths
 2.Migration. People move in and out
of a location.

…lets start with natural population
growth.
11

12. 1.Natural population increase
Focus on the following terms and
concepts.
 You will be expected to know and
use this ideas in all of the following
chapters.
 These ideas are useful in comparing
and contrasting different places.

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13. Demography






Demos=people
Graphy=description
Demography=study of the characteristics of a
population
What can we do with these statistics? What do
we learn about a population?
Watch this video from the Population Reference Bureau
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedde
d&v=uwMUV1ks3vo
13

14. Rate of Natural Increase
(RNI)
Birth rate minus the death rate,
implying the annual rate of
populations growth without regard
for migration. Expressed as a
percentage. Can be positive OR
negative number.
 RNI for India is 1.5
 RNI for Russia is -0.1 (negative
growth)

14

15. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a
woman can expect to bear in her
lifetime.
 India 2.5
 Norway and USA 1.9
 Mali 6.3
 World 2.4

15

16. Dependency Ratio

The ratio of the economically
dependent part of the population to
the productive part.
Population under 15
 Population over 65


Often displayed in a population
pyramid
16

17. How a population pyramid works
17

18. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of infants
under age 1 per 1,000 live births in
a given year.
IMR in Sweden is 2.5
 IMR in Brazil is 24
 IMR in India is 50
 World IMR is 44


What could a high IMR indicate?
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19. Life expectancy
Average length of life expected at
birth for a typical person.
 Based on National Death Statistics.
 China 72
 USA 78
 Botswana 32
 http://prb.org/DataFinder.aspx

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20. Demographic Transition
Stage
rates.
 Stage
 Stage
 Stage
rates.
 Stage

I: high birth and high death
II: Death rates fall.
III: Birth rates fall.
IV: Low birth and low death
V: Zero population growth.
• Watch this video.
20

21. http://www.geographyalltheway.com/ib_geography/ib_population/ib_demographic_transition
_model.htm

22. What is the spatial distribution of population growth? Why are some places
growing faster than others?
22

23. Under 5 mortality
Number of children who die per
1,000 live births
 Human Development Index, used by
the United Nations and others
 This composite indicator tells much
about the health, health care and
stability of a place

23

24. 2.Migration
Why would someone migrate?
 Push/Pull Factors
 Push: negative conditions that
drive people from a location
 Pull: favorable conditions at a
destination that attract people

24

25. Global trends in migration
About 3% cross international
borders
 Labor and the global economy
 Transnationalism
 Gender
 Temporary v permanent
 Rural to urban

25

26. Where do people migrate?
Check out the relationships between
places.

How might you explain these
population flows?
26

27. Quiz
Take quiz 1.1 under Assignments and
Quizzes tab on Blackboard
27

28. Theme 2. Cultural
Coherence and Diversity
Palestinian woman shopping at Friday
market in Jerusalem (N Jensen 2009).
Village council in a refugee camp in Darfur, Sudan (T
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White 2008).

29. What is culture?


Learned and shared
behavior by a group
of people
empowering them in
a distinct “way of
life”
Material and
immaterial elements
In the suq or marketplace of Doha, Qatar, sits
a dhow, or traditional ship used for pearl
diving. Pearl diving was the base of the
economy here before oil was discovered.
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30. UNESCO

Culture is a set of distinctive
spiritual, material, intellectual and
emotional features of society or a
social group. It encompasses, in
addition to art and literature,
lifestyles, ways of living together,
values systems, traditions and
beliefs.
To which culture do you belong? Why?
30

31. World Languages
While a language is not equal to a culture, language is an aspect of
culture. When a part of the world has a lot of linguistic variety, we
also see cultural diversity.
Here is an example of linguistic diversity in CA, USA.
31

32. World Religions
Religious believes and religious heritage also can influence culture,
both at the local scale and globally.
32

33. Cultural Imperialism
 Active
promotion of one cultural
system over another.
This is a famous political cartoon that
displays the imperialist fervor of Cecil
Rhodes, a British businessman who is
know for his ambition to create a railway
Cape of South Africa to Cairo. His dream
was nearly realized as the British
holdings in Africa were quite extensive.
Along with actual imperialism, aspects of
British culture were enforced in this
colonies, including dress, education,
language and economic policies.
33

34. What is the relationship between former colonies and their
colonizers? Do ties remain between them?
34

35. Cultural Syncretism
 The
blending of two or more
cultures, which produces a
synergistic third culture that
exhibits traits of all.
35

36. Quiz
Take quiz 1.3 under Assignments and
Quizzes tab on Blackboard
36

37. Theme 3. Geopolitics
Link between geography and
politics.
 Importance of SCALE
 inter-relationships between people,
state, and territory.

37

38. Centrifugal forces

Those that pull people
apart.
A Uyghur child protests against China’s contested occupation
of what he calls Eastern Turkestan.
38

39. Centripetal Forces

Those that bring people
together.
In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in New York
City, there was a rise in national pride and support of the
US military.
39

40. Nation
Group of people, clearly
distinguishable, selfidentifying.
 For example, the French
people are a nation

40

41. Nations
Hopi
 Navajo
 Han Chinese
 Welsh
 Pastuns
 Japanese
 Palestinians

41

42. As discussed
in your text,
the Kurds are
a nation, or
people that
does not
have a
corresponding
state in which
they can live.
The Kurds are
divided
between
Turkey, Syria,
Iraq and Iran.
They speak
the same
language, but
write it in 3
different
alphabets.
42

43. Cultural Nationalism

Process of defending a cultural
system
Ex: Graffiti in Seville,
Spain demonstrating
the divide between
Andalusia in the
south and the central
government located
in Madrid.
43

44. State
Centralized political system
with internationally
recognized boundaries.
Think country, not state like
Idaho.
 Ex. France, The USA, Turkey

44

45. Glassner’s characteristics of
a state
Territory, defined by boundaries
 Permanent resident population
 Government
 Organized economy
 Circulation system
 Sovereignty/independence
 Recognition

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46. Types of Boundaries




Physiographic (physical features)
Anthropogeographic (man made)
Geometric (lines)
Ethnographic (according to ethic areas)
46

47. A case study in
boundaries:
Israel/Palestine
This area is contested.
Basically there are two
nations who want a
state in the same
location. Israel is
attempting to build an
anthropogeographic
boundary by building a
wall around the
Palestinian territories.
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48. The wall or
separation barrier
48

49. A view of the barrier from a nearby hilltop. Note
how the agricultural areas are separated from the
city of Jerusalem by the wall.
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50. Nation-state

Nation with a state wrapped
around it. Extremely rare, >
5%
 Ex.
Japan, Iceland, Portugal
 The USA is not a nation-state
50

51. Quiz
Take quiz 1.3 under Assignments and
Quizzes tab on Blackboard
51

52. Theme 4. Economic and
Social Development
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53. How are these statistics used?
These indicators are useful in
understanding the disparity between
places.
 Each indicator tells us part of the
story of a place.
 Use indicators together to compare
and contrast and get insight into
what life is like around the globe.

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54. Disparity
Setting terms
 1st, 2nd, 3rd
 North/South
 East/West
 Core/Periphery
 MDC/LDC: More developed
countries/Less developed countries.


Preferred terminology
54

55. 4.1 Social Indicators
Life expectancy
 Under 5 mortality
 Secondary School Enrollment
 Females in the Labor Force


Can also be used in conjunction with
some population indicators to
illustrate patterns at various scales.
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56. 4.2 Economic Indicators

Gross National Income (GNI): the
value of all final goods and services
produced within a country plus net
income from abroad.
56

57. 57

58. Notice how GNP has changed over time, as countries become more industrialized and
as their economies change.
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59. 59

60. 60

61. GNI
61

62. PPP: Purchasing Power
Parity
a comparable for a standard
“market basket” of goods and
services purchased with a local
currency.
 Sometimes referred to as the “Big
Mac” index to give a sense of what
money can buy in various
economies.

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63. 63

64. Poverty
The United Nations
defines poverty as
living on less than
$2 a day.
We are all tied into the
global economy.
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65. Self quiz

Using the Datafinder on PRB.org,
compare and contrast the
demographic data of a country in
Latin America, the United States and
Denmark. What do you learn about
each of these countries?
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66. Quiz
Take quiz 1.4 under Assignments and
Quizzes tab on Blackboard
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67. End of Module 1
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