2. Hormones are chemical substances which are
synthesized by specific endogenous glands and
secreted internally, directly into the blood stream, to
act far away from the site of their production and
release on the specific target organs. Ex- TSH
Tropic hormones-- target other endocrine glands to
release their own hormones. Ex TRH
3. 1. Hypophysiotropic hormones (Neuro-secretions) into
the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system—
2. RH(Release Hormone) or RIH
3. Hypothalamic hormones travel in portal system from
hypothalamus to anterior pituitary regulate
hormones secretion by anterior pituitary
4. Master of endocrine orchestra
Regulated by
Long and short loop feedback
Hypothalamus RH(Release Hormone) or RIH
Primarily by the CNS– All pituitary hormones except
PRL would decline in the absence of the
hypothalamus
By hormones produced in peripheral target glands
Example– inhibin secreted from gonads
All anterior pituitary hormones secreted in a diurnal
pattern.
6. Somatotrophs GH
Lactotrophs PRL
Gonadotrophs FSH growth of ovarian follicles and
formation of sperm
Luteinizing hormone LH (in women)– induce
ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum;
stimulate the ovarian production of estrogen and
progesterone
LH (in men)– stimulates the production of Testosterone
Thyrotrophs TSH to stimulate the secretion of
thyroid hormone
Corticotrophs ACTH functions of adrenal cortex
8. Protein synthesis
Anabolic effects
Somatomedins –IGF1, IGF2
Metabolic consequence
Initially insulin like effect
antagonistic to Insulin decrease glucose uptake,
increase release of free fatty acids
IGF1-released from liver positive feedback on
hypothalamus GHRIH
Increase-GH- sleep, exercise
Decrease-L-dopa
9. Hypo-secretion:
During childhood causes
Dwarfism
Hyper-secretion:
During childhood causes
Gigantism (up to 8 – 9 ft.)
During Adulthood causes
Acromegaly:
Enlargement of the small bones
of the hand and feet
Enlargement of the cranium,
nose, and lower jaw
Tongue, liver, and kidneys
become enlarged
10. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH; from
arcuate nuclei mainly); its gene is expressed in the GI
tract and the pancreas
Somatostatin (Growth hormone release inhibiting
hormone) (from preoptic periventricular and
paraventricular nuclei); its gene is expressed in GI
tract and the pancreas
Ghrelin (a peptide from the Arcuate Nuclei) also
increase GH secretion via GHRH
Ghrelin is also synthesized in the stomach and is
thought to signal feeding behavior
11. SERMORELIN-Synthetic analogue of GnRH
diagnostic agent suspect cases of childhood short
stature
ADR-injection site pain, dizziness, hyperactivity,
urticaria
SOMATOSTATIN-GHRIH
SANDOSTATIN-slow release formulation
ADR-steatorrrhoea, gall stones
12. long acting analogue of somatostatin
Twice potent in reducing insulin secretion
Dose-20-200mg sc TDS
Uses
Carcinoid syndrome
VIP-secreting tumours
Bleeding oesophageal varices
Treatment of AIDS associated diarrhoea
Insulinomas
Sandostatin –slow release formulation of octreotide
13. GHRIH
-thyroid tumours
Acromegaly
PEGVISOMANT-sc
New GH-receptor antagonist-acromegaly
Suppress IGF-1 levels
-allows dimerisation and blocks the ongoing
conformational changes
Demerit- formation of antibodies
14. GH deficiency usually due to tumour, infection and
radiation
-t1/2-25 min
Sc-0.2mg/kg
AIDS
Burn injuries
Ant aging
ADR-insulin resistance
Arthralgia, DM-2
15. Recombinant human IGF1+ recombinant
human IGFBP-3 ( insulin like growth factor
inhibiting factor)
Maintain desired t1/2 of IGF
-short statured children
Dose-0.04-0.08 mg/kg
ADR-hypoglycemia
16. Glycoprotein hormone
Pulsatile secretion
TSH stimulate the thyroid to synthesise
thyroglobulin and thyroid hormones
Diagnostic purpose
Thyrotropin alpha- detection of metastatic
differenciated thyroid cancer
17. GnRH-gonadotropin release hormone
LH-ICSH-Interstitial cell stimulating hormone
FSH-inhibin- supresses FSH
activin- stimulates FSH slynthesis
FSH in females-gametogenesis, follicular devp
LH in females-ovulation, corpus luteum
FSH in males-spermatogensis, sertoli cells
LH in males-androgen and testosterone in leydig cells
Feed back
Gonadorelin- synthetic
18. Leuprolide-endometriosis
Nafarelin
Buserelin-endometriosis
Dosrelin
Goserelin
Triptorelin- prostate cancer
Diagnosis and treatment of infertility
Anvanced prostate cancer, uterine fibroids
IVF-
20. From post menopausal women
Menotropin
Urofollitropin
Recombinant FSH
HCG
USES
-infertility
Cryptorchism
IVF
Kaposi sarcoma
Diagnostic use
21. ACTH (adrenal corticotropic hormone) regulates
hormone secretion by the cortex of the adrenal
glands.
ACTH- stimulates –Glucocorticoids,
mineralocorticoid and androgens
ACTH-stimulated by trauma and stress
Melanocytes and keratinocytes pigmentation by
MSH
(Melanotrope in arcuate neurons)– food intake
22. Hypo-secretion
Addison’s disease –
Simmond’s disease, hypo pituitary
cachexia
Hyper-secretion:
Cushing’s Syndrome
mobilization of fat from lower
body to the thoracic and upper
abdominal regions giving raise to
“Buffalo Torso”-obesity, poor
wound healing, peptic ulcer,
hyperglycemia
23. Is a synthetic human ACTH
Diagnosis of pituitary adrenal axis—25 IU-IV
No increase in plasma cortisol levels --primary
ADR- similar to corticosteroids
Allergic reactions
24. Peptide hormone
Mammotropic and lactogenic
PRIH-PRL release inhibitory hormone-D2
Stimulus for prolactin-suckling
mammotropic and lactogenic
Hyperprolactinemia-galactorrhoea, amenorrhea ,
infertility
Treatment of hyperprolactinaemia
Bromocriptine-2.5mg OD till BD for 15 days
, cabergoline, pergolide, Quinagolide
