1. ENERGY INDUSTRY
OVERVIEW
Includes energy
source, System, efficiency, development, consu
mption and emerging technologies

2. Energy Industry
 The energy industry is the totality of all of the industries involved in the production
and sale of energy, including fuel extraction, manufacturing, refining and distribution.
Modern society consumes large amounts of fuel, and the energy industry is a crucial
part of the infrastructure and maintenance of society in almost all countries.
 In particular, the energy industry comprises:
 the petroleum industry, including oil companies, petroleum refiners, fuel transport
and end-user sales at gas stations
 the gas industry, including natural gas extraction, and coal gas manufacture, as well
as distribution and sales
 the electrical power industry, including electricity generation, electric power
distribution and sales
 the coal industry
 the nuclear power industry
 the renewable energy industry, comprising alternative energy and sustainable energy
companies, including those involved in hydroelectric power, wind power, and solar
power generation, and the manufacture, distribution and sale of alternative fuels
 traditional energy industry based on the collection and distribution of firewood, the
use of which, for cooking and heating, is particularly common in poorer countries

3. Energy economics
 Production and consumption of energy
resources is very important to the global
economy. All economic activity requires energy
resources, whether to manufacture
goods, provide transportation, run computers
and other machines.
 Widespread demand for energy may
encourage competing energy utilities and the
formation of retail energy markets. Note the
presence of the "Energy Marketing and
Customer Service" (EMACS) sub-sector.[

4. Energy demand management
 Since the cost of energy has become a significant
factor in the performance of economy of
societies, management of energy resources has
become very crucial. Energy management
involves utilizing the available energy resources
more effectively that is with minimum incremental
costs. Many times it is possible to save
expenditure on energy without incorporating fresh
technology by simple management techniques.[2]
Most often energy management is the practice of
using energy more efficiently by eliminating
energy wastage or to balance justifiable energy
demand with appropriate energy supply. The
process couples energy awareness with energy
conservation.

5. Classifications
Government
 The United Nations developed the International Standard Industrial
Classification, which is a list of economic and social
classifications.[3] There is no distinct classification for an energy
industry, because the classification system is based on
activities, products, and expenditures according to purpose.[4]
 Countries in North America use the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS). The NAICS sectors #21 and #22
(mining and utilities) might roughly define the energy industry in
North America. This classification is used by the U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission.
Financial market
 The Global Industry Classification Standard used by Morgan
Stanley define the energy industry as comprising companies
primarily working with oil, gas, coal and consumable
fuels, excluding companies working with certain industrial gases.[5]
 Add also to expand this section: Dow Jones Industrial Average[6]

6. Environmental impact of the energy
industry
 Energy industry generate considerable
pollution, including toxic and greenhouse gases from
fuel combustion, nuclear waste from the generation of
nuclear power, and oil spillages as a result of
petroleum extraction.
 Burning fossil fuels for electricity
generation, generates air pollutants including carbon
dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide and trioxide (SOx) and
nitrogen oxides (NOx). Carbon dioxide is an important
greenhouse gas which is thought to be responsible for
some fraction of the rapid increase in global warming
and has an effect on the environment.
 also releases trace metals such as
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese,
mercury, nickel, and silver into the environment, which
also act as pollutants

7. Efficient energy sector.
 Fuel switching in the power sector from coal to
natural gas;
 Power plant optimisation and other measures
to improve the efficiency of existing CCGT
power plants;
 Combined heat and power (CHP), from micro-
scale residential to large-scale industrial;
 Waste heat recovery

8. Best available technology (BAT)
 (BAT) offers supply-side efficiency levels far
higher than global averages. The relative benefits
of gas compared to coal are influenced by the
development of increasingly efficient energy
production methods. According to an impact
assessment carried out for the European
Commission, the levels of energy efficiency of
coal-fired plants built have now increased to 46-
49% efficiency rates, as compared to coals plants
built before the 1990s (32-40%).[10] However, at
the same time gas is can reach 58-59% efficiency
levels with the best available technology.[10]
Meanwhile, combined heat and power can offer
efficiency rates of 80-90%.[1

9. Energy policy
 Energy policy is the manner in which a given
entity (often governmental) has decided to
address issues of energy development
including energy production, distribution and
consumption. The attributes of energy policy
may include legislation, international
treaties, incentives to investment, guidelines
for energy conservation, taxation and other
public policy techniques.

10. Smart Grid
 A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that
uses information and communications technology
to gather and act on information, such as
information about the behaviors of suppliers and
consumers, in an automated fashion to improve
the efficiency, reliability, economics, and
sustainability of the production and distribution of
electricity.[1]
 Smart grid policy is organized in Europe as Smart
Grid European Technology Platform.[2] Policy in
the United States is described in 42 U.S.C. ch.
152, subch. IX § 17381.

11. Energy security
 Energy security is the intersection of national security
and the availability of natural resources for energy
consumption. Access to cheap energy has become
essential to the functioning of modern economies.
However, the uneven distribution of energy supplies
among countries has led to significant vulnerabilities.
 Threats to energy security include the Political
instability of several energy producing countries, the
manipulation of energy supplies, the competition over
energy sources,
 Dominant countries reliance to the foreign oil
supply.[14]
 The limited supplies, uneven distribution, and rising
costs of fossil fuels, such as oil and gas, create a
need to change to more sustainable energy sources in
the foreseeable future

12. CONTINUES
 Energy security has become one of the leading issues
in the world today as oil and other resources have
become as vital to the world's people. However with
oil production rates decreasing and oil production
peak nearing the world has come to protect what
resources we have left in the world.
 With new advancements in renewable resources less
pressure has been put on companies that produce the
worlds oil, these resources are, geothermal, solar
power, wind power and hydro-electric. Although these
are not all the current and possible future options for
the world to turn to as the oil depletes the most
important issue is protecting these vital resources
from future threats. These new resources will become
more useful as the price of exporting and importing oil
will increase due to increase of demand.

13. Energy development
 Producing energy to sustain human needs is an essential
social activity, and a great deal of effort goes into the activity.
While most of such effort is limited towards increasing the
production of electricity and oil, newer ways of producing
usable energy resources from the available energy resources
are being explored. One such effort is to explore means of
producing hydrogen fuel from water. Though hydrogen use is
environmentally friendly, its production requires energy and
existing technologies to make it, are not very efficient.
Research is underway to explore enzymatic decomposition of
biomass.[15]
 Other forms of conventional energy resources are also being
used in new ways. Coal gasification and liquefaction are
recent technologies that are becoming attractive after the
realization that oil reserves, at present consumption
rates, may be rather short lived. See alternative fuels.

14. Transportation
 All societies require materials and food to be transported over
distances, generally against some force of friction. Since
application of force over distance requires the presence of a
source of usable energy, such sources are of great worth in
society.
 While energy resources are an essential ingredient for all
modes of transportation in society, the transportation of
energy resources is becoming equally important. Energy
resources are frequently located far from the place where
they are consumed. Therefore their transportation is always
in question. Some energy resources like liquid or gaseous
fuels are transported using tankers or pipelines, while
electricity transportation invariably requires a network of grid
cables. The transportation of energy, whether by
tanker, pipeline, or transmission line, poses challenges for
scientists and engineers, policy makers, and economists to
make it more risk-free and efficient.

15. Energy crisis
 Economic and political instability can lead to
an energy crisis. Notable oil crises are the
1973 oil crisis and the 1979 oil crisis. The
advent of peak oil, the point in time when the
maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is
reached, will likely precipitate another energy
crisis.

16. Energy Autonomy
 The Economic, Social & Technological Case for
Renewable Energy is a 2006 book written by
Hermann Scheer.
 For 200 years industrial civilization has relied on the
combustion of abundant and cheap fossil fuels. But
continued reliance has had some adverse social and
environmental consequences. The solution, explains
Scheer, is to make the transition to renewable energy
and distributed, decentralized energy generation.
Scheer argues that this is a model that has been
proven, technologically, commercially and politically.
Much progress with renewable energy
commercialization has already been made in Europe
where the renewable energy industry is a multi-billion
Euro industry with high growth rates

17. Energy intensity of different
economies
The graph
shows the
ratio
between
energy
usage and
GDP for
selected
countries.
GDP is
based on
2004
purchasing
power parity
and 2000
dollars
adjusted for
inflation.[4]

18. Energy System and
Efficiency
Energy System
 http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/interactive/our-
energy-system/
Energy Efficiency
 Increasing the energy supply is not the only answer to
a stable energy future. Reducing demand through the
improved efficiency of devices and procedures has
the same end result. Learn about energy efficiency
―wins‖ from the past and areas showing potential for
the future.
Understanding the Efficiency
 http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/interactive/understa
nding-efficiency/

19. Energy consumption by sector
 Industrial users
(agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and
construction) consume about 37% of the total
54 PJ (15 TWh). Personal and commercial
transportation consumes 20%; residential
heating, lighting, and appliances use 11%; and
commercial uses (lighting, heating and cooling
of commercial buildings, and provision of
water and sewer services) amount to 5% of
the total.

20. Energy Sources
The Sun,
Electricity,
Fossil Fuels,
Nuclear,
Renewable
Energy
resources,
Emerging
Technologie
s
Our energy supply comes mainly from
fossil fuels, with nuclear power and
renewable sources rounding out the
mix. These sources originate mostly in
our local star, the Sun. Electricity falls
into its own category because it’s an
energy carrier and not a primary
source. Here we explore the pros and
cons of each resource and look at
some of the emerging technologies
that could transform our energy
situation in the future.

21. The sun
 Solar radiation reaches Earth with more than enough
energy in a single square meter to illuminate five 60-
watt lightbulbs if all the sunlight could be captured and
converted to electricity.
 The Sun’s energy warms the planet’s
surface, powering titanic transfers of heat and
pressure in weather patterns and ocean currents. The
resulting air currents drive wind turbines. Solar energy
also evaporates water that falls as rain and builds up
behind dams, where its motion is used to generate
electricity via hydropower.
 However, use solar energy in its secondhand form:
fossil fuels

22. Electricity
 Electricity can’t be mined from the ground like
coal or captured from moving air like wind. So
it is called a secondary source of energy, meaning
that it is derived from coal and wind, as well as
other primary sources, including natural
gas, nuclear reactions, and hydropower. Electricity
plays such an essential role in contemporary
America that its supply and demand are often
examined separately from the primary sources
used to produce it.
 Electricity generating plants now consume two-
fifths of energy from all sources, including about
90% of America’s coal and nearly 30% of its
natural gas.

23. Fossil Fuels
Coal,
Oil,
Natural Gas
 84% of its total energy from
oil, coal, and natural gas, all of
which are fossil fuels. We depend
on fossil fuels to heat our
homes, run our vehicles, power
industry and manufacturing, and
provide us with electricity
Coal
 49% of electricity came from
coal, more than twice the
contribution of either nuclear power
or natural gas.

24. continues
Oil
 At present, total world consumption is
approximately 85 million barrels per day
 37% of its energy from petroleum, or oil, and
experts project that demand for this fuel will stay
strong over the next 20 years
Natural gas
 Natural gas provides 24% of our energy
 Natural gas is used to heat more than half the
homes in the world

25. Nuclear Energy
As of 7
March
2013, the
world had
434
operable
reactors with
66 others
currently
under
construction.
Nuclear
power meets
13–14% of
the world's
electricity
demand
 The ability to control nuclear fission
reactions, in which atoms of radioactive
elements such as uranium split apart into
smaller atoms and liberate energy in the
process, represents one of the great
technological feats of the twentieth century.
Harnessed as heat, the released energy boils
water, producing steam that turns
turbines, thereby being converted to
mechanical energy that generates electricity.
Nuclear energy currently provides 20% of total
electricity generation
 According to government estimates, output
from nuclear power plants is expected to
increase 10% by 2030.

26. Renewable Energy
Geothermal,
Wind,
Solar,
Hydroelectri
c,
Biomass
Renewable energy and Renewable energy
commercialization
 Renewable energy comes from natural
resources such as
sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal
heat, which are renewable (naturally
replenished). As of 2010, about 16% of global
final energy consumption comes from
renewables, with 10% coming from traditional
biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and
3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables
(small hydro, modern
biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels)
accounted for another 2.8% and are growing
very rapidly.[40] The share of renewables in
electricity generation is around 19%, with 16%
of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity
and 3% from new renewables

27. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal
energy is
used
commerciall
y in over 70
countries
 Geothermal energy is produced by the heat
of Earth’s molten interior. This energy is
harnessed to generate electricity when steam
(or hot water which is later converted to steam)
from deep underground is used to drive a
turbine on an electric power generator.
Moderate to low temperature geothermal
resources are also used to heat buildings
directly and to provide space heating through
district heating systems.It generates more
electricity from geothermal energy than any
other country in the world.
 Geothermal energy is a domestic energy
source with relatively benign effects on the
environment.

28. Wind Energy
83 countries
around the
world are
using wind
power on a
commercial
basis
 Wind energy is a form of solar
energy created by a combination of
factors, including the uneven heating
of Earth’s atmosphere by solar
radiation, variations in topography, and
the rotation of the Earth. People have
been putting wind energy to use
throughout history to propel sail
boats, mill flour from grain, and pump
water. Today the wind-induced motion
of huge multiblade rotors—sweeping
circles in the air over 100 yards in
diameter—transforms the rotors’
mechanical power into electricity.

29. Solar Energy
International
Energy
Agency
projected
that solar
power could
provide "a
third of the
global final
energy
demand
after
2060, while
CO2
emissions
would be
reduced to
very low
levels.
 Sunlight is Earth’s most abundant energy
source and is delivered everywhere free of
charge. Yet direct use of solar energy—that
is, harnessing light’s energy content
immediately rather than indirectly in fossil fuels
or wind power—makes only a small
contribution to humanity’s energy supply. In
practice, it will require considerable scientific
and engineering progress in the two ways of
converting the energy of sunlight into usable
forms.
 Photovoltaic systems are routinely employed to
power a host of devices—from orbiting
satellites to pocket calculators—and many
companies make roof-sized units for homes
and office buildings.

30. Hydroelectric Energy
Hydropower
is produced
in 150
countries, wi
th the Asia-
Pacific
region
generating
32 percent
of global
hydropower
in 2010
 Until recently, hydropower provided
the largest contribution to our
renewable energy supply, and its
significance to renewable energy sources
is still great. In 2008, hydropower
accounted for about 2.5% of our total
energy production. All of the energy
generated through hydropower goes
toward electricity generation, and in 2008,
6% of our electricity came from this
source.
 All of the energy generated through
hydropower goes toward electricity
generation, and in 2008, 6% of our
electricity came from this source.

31. Biomass
Biomass
electricity
generation
increased by
over 100%
in
Germany, H
ungary, the
Netherlands,
Poland, and
Spain
 Of all the renewable energy
sources, biomass (biological
matter that can be used as fuel or
for industrial production) contributes
the most to the energy supply. In
2008, 7% of our energy came from
renewable sources, and nearly 4%
of that was from biomass.
 Experts predict the contribution
from biomass will likely increase
more than 55% by 2030.

32. Emerging
technology
Status
Potentially
marginalized
technologies
Potential
applications
Related articles
Airborne wind
turbine
Research[49][50][51
] Fossil fuels
Producing
electricity
KiteGen
Artificial
photosynthesis
Research,
experiments[52]
growing interest
in a
macroscience
global project [53]
Fossil fuel or
'archived'
photosynthesis
Improve natural
photosynthesis,
so roads
buildings and
vehicles convert
sunlight and
water into
hydrogen and
carbon dioxide
into
carbohydrates
Sustainocene,
Renewable
energy,
Nanotechnology
Biofuels Diffusion[54] Fossil fuels
Energy storage,
more so for
transport
Issues relating
to biofuels
Emerging Technologies in Energy
Industry

33. Concentrated
solar power
Growing
markets in
California, Spain
, Northern
Africa[55]
Fossil
fuels, photovoltai
cs
Producing
electricity
DESERTEC,
BrightSource
Energy, Solar
Millennium
Electric double-
layer capacitor
Diffusion,
continued
development[56]
Chemical
batteries
Regenerative
braking; energy
storage:
generally faster
charging, longer
lasting, more
flexible, greener
Energy
harvesting
Experiments Batteries
Constant energy
source for
mobile,
wearable and
ubiquitous
devices
Flywheel energy
storage
Some
commercial
examples
Fusion power
Hypothetical,
experiments; for
60+ years[57]
Fossil fuels,
renewable
energy, nuclear
Producing
electricity, heat,
fusion torch
recycling with
ITER, NIF,
Polywell, Dense
plasma focus,
Muon-catalyzed

34. Fusion power
Hypothetical,
experiments; for
60+ years[57]
Fossil fuels,
renewable energy,
nuclear fission
power
Producing
electricity, heat,
fusion torch
recycling with
waste heat
ITER, NIF,
Polywell, Dense
plasma focus,
Muon-catalyzed
fusion
Generation IV
reactor
Research,
Experiments
Traditional nuclear
power reactors,
fossil fuels
Producing
electricity, heat,
transmutation of
nuclear waste
stockpiles from
traditional reactors
Grid energy
storage
Increasing use
Home fuel cell
Research,
commercialisation[
58][59][60]
Electrical grid
Off-the-grid,
producing
electricity
Autonomous
building, Bloom
Energy Server
Hydrogen
economy
Diffusion of
hydrogen fuel
cells;
Hypothetical,
experiments for
lower cost
hydrogen
production[61]
Other energy
storage methods:
chemical
batteries, fossil
fuels
Energy storage

35. Generation IV
reactor
Research,
Experiments
Traditional
nuclear power
reactors, fossil
fuels
Producing
electricity, heat,
transmutation of
nuclear waste
stockpiles from
traditional
reactors
Grid energy
storage
Increasing use
Home fuel cell
Research,
commercialisation
[58][59][60]
Electrical grid
Off-the-grid,
producing
electricity
Autonomous
building, Bloom
Energy Server
Hydrogen
economy
Diffusion of
hydrogen fuel
cells;
Hypothetical,
experiments for
lower cost
hydrogen
production[61]
Other energy
storage methods:
chemical
batteries, fossil
fuels
Energy storage
Lithium iron
phosphate battery
Commercializatio
n
Lithium-air battery
Research,
experiments[62]
Other energy
storage methods:
hydrogen,
chemical
batteries, some
Laptops, mobile
phones, long-
range electric
cars; storing
energy for electric

36. Molten salt
battery
Applications and
continuing
research
Molten salt
reactor
Research,
Experiments
Traditional
nuclear power
reactors, fossil
fuels
Producing
electricity, heat
Nanowire battery
Experiments,
prototypes[63][64]
Other energy
storage methods:
hydrogen,
chemical
batteries, some
uses of fossil
fuels
Laptops, mobile
phones, long-
range electric
cars; storing
energy for
electric grid
Nantenna Research[65][66][67] Fossil fuels
Producing
electricity
Silicon–air battery Experiments
Smart grid
Research,
diffusion[68][69][70]
Smart meter,
SuperSmart Grid
Solar roadway Research[71][72][73] Fossil fuels
Producing
electricity
Space-based
solar power
Hypothetical

37. horium fuel
cycle
Research
started in the
1960s, still
ongoing
Uranium
based nuclear
power, fossil
fuels
Producing
electricity, heat
Vortex engine
Chimney
Cooling tower
Solar updraft
tower
Power
generation.
Wireless
energy
transfer
Prototypes,
diffusion, short
range
consumer
products[74]
Power cords,
plugs,
batteries
Wirelessly
powered
equipment:
laptop, cell
phones,
electric cars,
etc.
WiTricity,
resonant
inductive
coupling