1. QURAT-UL-AIN
AZAM
9 PINK-A

2.  In 1833, a French
chemist Anselme Payen
discovered the first
enzyme, diastase.
 In 1877, German
physiologist
Wilhelm Kuhne,
first used the term
enzymes.

3.  Enzymes are protein molecules which speed
up all biochemical reactions and metabolic
activities occurring inside a living body.
 On the basis of their location there are two
types of enzymes:extracellular and
intracellular enzymes

4.  a set of chemical processes occurring within a living
organism that are necessary for the maintenance of
life.
 our bodies get the energy they need from food
through metabolism
 Helps in moving, thinking, growing, reproducing
etc…

5. CATABOLISM:
Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that
breaks down molecules into smaller units to
release energy.
ANABOLISM:
• Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that
construct molecules from smaller units.
• These reactions require energy
• are powered by catabolism.

6.  Enzymes are "biological catalysts."
 They are produced or derived from living
organisms
 have the ability to increase the rate of chemical
reactions
 are not changed or destroyed by the chemical
reaction that they accelerate.

7.  Almost all enzymes are globular proteins which
means that they are made up of long linear chains
of amino acids.
 They are held together by peptide bonds.
 All enzymes also possess an active site.

8.  All enzymes have an active site . It is the small
portion of the enzyme that is directly involved in
catalysis .
 It is normally lined with amino acid residues which
recognize the substrate.
 After being recognized the substrate is binded to
the active site and the reaction is carried out.
 After being used in a reaction , the active site can
be used again.

9. In enzyme catalyzed reactions, the molecules at
the beginning of the process, called substrates, are
converted into different molecules, called
products.
 SUBSTRATE:
In biochemistry, an enzyme substrate is the
material upon which an enzyme acts.
 PRODUCT:
In biochemistry, a product is something that is
formed or manufactured by an enzyme from
its substrate.

10. E+S→ES Complex→E+P
MECHANISM OF ENZYMES

11.  minimum energy required to start a reaction
 This energy could be in the form of heat,
proteins, or other chemicals.
ENZYMES AND ACTIVATION ENERGY
Enzymes greatly decrease the requirement of
activation energy in these ways:
1. orienting substrates correctly
2. straining substrate bonds or by altering their
shape
3. Providing a favorable micro environment
4. Covalently bonding to the substrate
5. by disrupting the charge distribution on the
substrate

13.  Enzymes are specific
 In other words, the active site of each
enzyme has a particular substrate to which
it binds. The shape of the substrate
determines its ability to bind to the active
site of a particular enzyme
 Enzymes cannot bind to substrates whose
shape is not compatible with the active site

14. ENZYMES PLACE SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT ORIGIN
SALIVARY
AMYLASE MOUTH
STARCH AND
GLYCOGEN
MALTOSE SALIVARY
GLANDS
PEPSIN STOMACH PROTIEN PEPTIDES STOMACH
GLANDS
LIPASE SMALL
INTESTINE
FATS GLYCEROL
AND FATTY
ACIDS
STOMACH
GLANDS
TRYPSIN SMALL
INTESTINE
PEPTIDES SIMILAR
PEPTIDES
PRODUCT OF
ENZYMESFRO
M PANCREAS
AND
DUODENUM
MALTASE SMALL
INTESTINE
MALTOSE TWO
GLUCOSE
MOLECULES
GLANDS IN
WALLS OF
SMALL
INTESTINE

15.  Enzyme production in a cell is controlled
 Production of enzymes is increased or
decreased according to its requirements.
 can also be enhanced or diminished in
response to changes in the cell's
environment.

16. COFACTORS
INORGANIC
(METAL IONS)
ORGANIC
COENZYMES
PROSTHETIC
GROUPS

17.  COFACTORS:
an additional non-protein working
component.
 COENZYMES:
• Loosely bound organic cofactor
• transfer chemical groups from one cell to
another

18.  Series of chemical reactions occurring inside
a cell
 the products of one reaction are
the substrates for subsequent reactions, and
so on.

19. The activity of an Enzyme is affected by
its environmental conditions. Changing
these alter the rate of reaction caused by the
enzyme.
1.TEMPERATURE :
 Optimum temperature
 Denaturation:

20. 2.SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION:
 Continuous change in substrate
concentration
 Constant enzyme concentration
 Saturation

21. 3.pH:
 Optimum pH:
 Retardation:

23.  Proposed by Emil Fischer in 1894
 Explained specificity of enzymes
 both the enzyme and the substrate
possess specific complementary geometric
shapes that fit exactly into one another
 it fails to explain the stabilization of the
transition state that enzymes achieve.

24. INDUCED-FIT MODEL
•Proposed by Daniel Koshland in1958
•a modification to the lock and key model
•It states that exposure of an enzyme to a substrate
causes the active site of the enzyme to change
shape in order to allow the enzyme and substrate
to bind

26.  Foundation of energy
 Life force in all living
things
 Help in thinking, moving,
healing, reproducing,
growing etc…
 Speed up all biochemical
reactions
 Without enzymes, life
won’t exist.