Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It occurs when germs reach the lungs and cause inflammation in the small air sacs (alveoli) and airways, making it difficult to breathe. Symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia is diagnosed through tests like blood work, sputum culture, chest x-rays, and CT scans. Treatment involves antibiotics, respiratory support, and rest depending on the cause of infection. The choice of antibiotic depends on the likely causative organism and its antibiotic sensitivity.
2. Definition
Pneumonia is the Inflammation of lungs caused by Infection.
It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Bacterial pneumonia is the most common type in adults.
Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs.
3.
4. Nomral physiology
Normally as we breath,AIR moves through
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
5. PathoPhysiology
Germs like Bacteria,Viruses and Fungi enter to lungs.
Airways catch most germs in mucus present in
trachea,Bronchi and Bronchioles.
Hair like cilia constantly push the mucus and germs
out of airways
.
6. Sometime germs cross the cilia and enter to alveoli.
If immune system is weak due to age,illness,or
fatigue then pneumonia causing germs begin to
multiply in alveoli.
Bronchioles and alveoli become inflammed
7. Inflammation causes the bronchioles and alveoli to
filled with fluid.
So it is difficult for body to get the oxygen it needs.
Resulting in consolidation seen on chest X-Ray
8.
9.
10. Classification
Classified based on two types
1. Type 1
0 Lobar pneumonia
0 Bronchopneumonia
2. Type 2
0 Community- acquired pneumonia (CAP)
0 Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
11. Lobar pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia is infection of a part of lobe or the
entire lobe, or even two lobes of one or both the
lungs.
17. Diagnosis
Blood Test to confirm Infection
Sputum Test to identify the cause of Infection
Pulse Oximetry to know Oxygen Saturation
18. CT Scan to provide clearer and detailed pictures of
lungs
Fluid Sample fluid from Pleural Space to identify
the cause of Infection
Bronchoscopy to visualize inside of the airways
21. Antibiotic Therapy
Many classes of antibiotics can treat pneumonia.
Which antibiotic your doctor chooses generally will be based
on:
Age,symptoms,Severity and type of bacteria may be causing
your pneumonia.
22. The table below presents first- and second-line antibiotic choices for specific
organisms that cause bacterial pneumonia.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Penicillin
susceptible
(MIC < 2 mcg/mL)
Penicillin G,
amoxicillin
Macrolide,
cephalosporin (oral
or parenteral),
clindamycin,
doxycycline,
respiratory
fluoroquinolone
Penicillin resistant
(MIC ≥2 mcg/mL)
Agents chosen on
the basis of
sensitivity
Vancomycin,
linezolid, high-dose
amoxicillin (3 g/d
with MIC ≤4
mcg/mL
