Qadir Khetran

2. New criticism and post-colonial theory
Asad Khan

3. New Criticism was
a product of a post-colonial USA intent
on establishing the
legitimacy of its literary canon against
the persistent domination of the
English tradition
Asad Khan

4. New Criticism was almost immediately
assimilated as Anglo-American, its roots were
post-colonial, and in
certain ways it served to allow the passage of
post-colonial writers,
whose traditions were by European definitions
‘childish’, ‘immature’,
or ‘tributary’
Asad Khan

5. New Criticism had a profoundly
negative impact, too, rendering
its effects on post-colonial culture
deeply ambiguous
Asad Khan

6. New Criticism drew attention to
features of individual
texts which, when considered
nationally and collectively, could be
styled as unique, distinctive, or
characteristic
Asad Khan

7. POST COLONIALISM AS A READING
STRATEGY
 The subversion of a
canon is not simply a
matter of replacing
one set of text with
another
 A Canon is not a body
of texts but a set of
reading practices (
genre,lit,writing )
The Motherland and her dependent colonial
offspring. (William-Adolphe Bouguereau, 1883)Abdul latif

8.  Caliban is no longer seen as the creature outside
civilization on whose his nature but as a human ( the west
indian )whose human status was denied by the EUROPE
 Prosperos assertion that in exchange he has given Caliban
the gift of language . . . Caliban response , and my profit on
it is I know how to curse
 Tempest, Shakespeare was doing stereotyping the Races and
Religion
 Structure of the Tempest as a general metaphor for imperial
margin relations ( mananni1950 )OR it characterizes some
specific as fact of post colonial reality
Tempest by Shakespeare
Abdul latif

9.  Prospero places himself over nature and
seeks to subdue it by a massive exercise
of his will(krikby1985)
 It is a impact of a lettered culture on an
unlettered one(greenblatt1976)
 Hogarths Black(1985b) says that from 18th
C we found Black Americans in paintings
but in a socially inferior and oppressed
position
Tempest Cont…
Abdul latif

10. Imperial stewardship was thought to effect the intellectual and moral
reformation of the colored peoples of the lesser cultures of the world
Abdul latif

11.  Two major paths
1. Reading of specific post colonial
texts+Effects of their production
2. The revising of received modes as Allegory
,irony,metaphor and re reading of colonial
texts in the light of post colonial discursive
practices
 Fanon… Front de liberation national…
Algerian war(1954-62)…independence from
France.
Post colonial criticism
Abdul latif

12. Re-thinking the Post-Colonial:
 Post-colonialism or post-colonial studies is an academic
discipline that analyzes, explains, and responds to the cultural
legacy of colonialism and imperialism. Post-colonialism speaks
about the human consequences of external control and
economic exploitation of a native people and its lands.
(Wikipedia)
 Post-colonial studies are the most diverse and contentious
fields of literary and cultural studies (Empire Writes Back).
 Re-thinking the post-colonial on four following grounds.
 The term Post-colonial/ postcolonial.
 Definition of post-colonial.
 Who are post-colonialists?
 Who are the intellectuals of post-colonials?
Zia ur Rehman

13. Post-colonial/Postcolonial
 Post-colonial: The most disputed term.
 The Hyphenated ( - ) Post-colonial.
 Why use hyphen ( - ) in post-colonial.
 Hyphenated Post-colonial is an issue of whom?
 Whereas the term postcolonialism marks history as “a series of
stages along as epochal road from ‘the precolonial’, to ‘the
colonial’, to ‘the postcolonial’”. (Readers guide)
 The term “postcolonial” designates liberatory and oppositional
responses to colonialism more broadly than the hyphenated
term “post-colonial”. Thus the term postcolonial refers to the
unpresentable in the colonial: racial difference, legal
inequality, subalternity and all of the submerged or suppressed
contradictions within the colonial social order itself.
(Rajesh James)
Zia ur Rehman

14. Definition of Post-colonial
 “All the cultures affected by the imperial process from the moment of
colonization to the present day”. (Empire writes back)
Opposition to this definition:
 Limit the era.
 The affecties of colonization.
 Those who are not colonized.
Further theoretical concerns like.
 Focused on local studies involving discourse analysis (Barker at al. 1998).
 Widening exploration of English, French and Spanish Post-colonial literature
(Lionnet and Scharfman 1993).
 Feminist analysis of post-colonial experiences; and various marriages of
literary and cultural studies (Reader’s Guide).
 Ngugi’s define post-colonial studies as, “The total and absolute decolonization
of societies in psychological as well as political terms, involving massive and
powerful recuperation of the pre-colonial cultures”. Zia ur Rehman

15. Who is post-colonial?
 The boundaries are designed to include or exclude various
groups among the Post-colonials.
 Critics who have post-colonial experience is, in a sense, only
perceivable when such boundaries are brought into conscious
and critical scrutiny (Slemon 1990).
 Could ever the ‘Rest’ will free from the ‘West’.
 Neo-colonialism is the geopolitical practice of using capitalism,
business globalization, and cultural imperialism to influence a
country, in lieu of either direct military control (imperialism) or
indirect political control (hegemony). (Kwame Nkrumah)
Zia ur Rehman

16. Who are the intellectuals of Post-colonials?
 Arif Dirlik regards ‘post-colonial’ as a discourse used to
“regroup intellectuals of uncertain location under the
banner of postcolonial discourse, but it is participation in
the discourse that defines them as postcolonial
intellectuals”
 The leading figures of post-colonial (Edward said, Gayatri
Spivak and Homi Bhabha) continues to provide useful
theoretical stimulus to the work of later post-colonial
theorists, whether by a positive use of the insights or by
the use of their ideas as critical ‘stalking horses’.
(Readers’ Guide).
Zia ur Rehman

17.  Post Colonial Theory.... Literature of currently or previously
colonized country that deals with colonized people or colonization.
Focus. a. Literature of Colonizing culture -- distorts the realities
and experience of colonized people.
b. Literature of colonized people – secure identity, present and past.
 Relationship between Western Academies and Post colonial peoples?
 Issue of Language … Ngugi wa Thiongo writes novel in Gikuyu.
Preferring local language for identity in world.
 Translation Issue from local to world languages.
 Controversial features of Ambivalence and Hybridism.
 Status of women -- Patriarchy or Imperialism?
QADIR

18. .
 Racial Issues QADIR
 Relevancy of race to post-colonial theory… a. main point of
imperial discourse. b. it is fact of modern society that race is key
point of daily prejudice and discrimination.
 Race always elevate the issue of representation which is central
point of colonial studies.
 Transculturation is very important concept of postcolonial theory.

19.  Post-Colonialism and Cultural Studies.
 Culture and post-colonial theories developed by the development
of English.
 Criticism to William’s concept of culture as ‘art’ or ‘way of life’.
 Literature is a massive structure of cultural power.
 Post-Colonialism and the local.
 Future of post-colonial studies depends upon the future of
institution and disciplines.
 The studies of Local condition was always important (cultural and
political relation) and it should be in future.
 Post- colonial theory ought to be discussed --- against and favor.
 QADIR

20. . Post-Colonialism and the Sacred
 Debate about Sacred and traditional beliefs of colonized and
marginalized peoples have importance.
 Conflicts between Sacred and post-colonialism.
 Different theological concept. QADIR

21. . Post-Colonialism, animals and the environment.
 Sacred vs. Environmental issues. QADIR
 Material and global issues
 Destruction of environment and western industrialization.
 Modernization, slavery and ivory
 Issues between human and place, land and language.
 Contemporary food scarcity and animal species damage might be due to colonial
effects.
 Death of Ken Saro-Wiwa--- tried to prevent oil company--- example of multinational
damage.

22. . Post-colonialism and Globalization
 Future of post-colonialism lies in its globalization… materiality
of local experience and colonial significance.
 What is globalization? To understand the cultural, economic
and political legacy of imperialism and post-colonial literature
and postcolonial theory. QADIR

23. . Diaspora
 Diaspora can not be analyzed without examining the deep effects of
colonialism.
 Disparity in wealth, gap between colonizers and colonized.
 Movement of refugees re-ignited racism.
 Diaspora is not only geographical but identity, home and memory
too
 Diaspora is of areas, film, dance, music and theatre.
 Fast development of post-colonial theories, 10000 entries in Library
of Congress, post-colonial is powerful means of re-examining the
historical past and re-figuring contemporary world-wide cultural
concerns
QADIR

24. .