4. Learning Objectives
Concepts of Audio visual aid.
Principles of Audio Visual Aid
Indications of Audio Visual Aid.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Audio visual Aid.
Types of Audio Visual Aid
5. Introduction to Audio Visual aids
Communication tool
Multisensory Experience learning
6. Definitions – AV aids
Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to
make the learning more effective, more concrete, more
realistic and more dynamic.
(Kinder)
8. HEARING WORDS
SEEING
WATCHING DEMONSTRATION
PARTICIPATING IN A DISCUSSION
READING
10% WHAT WE READ
Cone of learning- Retention
DOING DEMONSTRATION/
SIMULATING THE REAL EXPERIENCES
20% WHAT WE HEAR
30% WHAT WE SEE
50% WHAT WE SEE &
HEAR
70% WHAT
WE SAY
90% WHAT WE
SAY & DO
9. Research Evidences on AV aids
Comparative
Study (U.S)
Store information Six times more
when presented through visual aids,
compared to traditional lecture
Quasi-
experiment
More attentive
Increased their interest
Increased ability to remember the
contents & motivated to learn
10. History of Audio Visual Education
Exchange of information
PICTORIAL – 3000BC
11. Gurukul -
(Learning by doing – Science
and Life skills)
Nalanda University - 5th
century (Group discussion,
Dramatization, Clay
modeling)
12. Ed Tech Time line –
Ancestors of Educational Technology
John Amos comenius- (15th Century) - Founder of
Modern Instructional Technology
Didactica Magna and Orbis Pictus
( More than 150 pictures)
13. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AV AIDS
First
generation
• Symbols and models, charts, maps,
pictures, chalk boards, posters etc.
Second
generation
• Printed books, printed workbooks,
printed posters etc.
Third
generation
• Slides, motion pictures, television,
phonograph, recording, tape
recording, radio etc.
14. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AV AIDS
Fourth
generation
• Radio and television (cable
television, satellite Television )
Fifth
generation
Electronic technology and now with
the computer technology. ( Internet,
Interactive board, Mobile phones ,
Simulations, games, Virtual reality,
Cloud computing, Learning analytics
15. Objectives / Purposes of Teaching Aids
Enhance teachers skills
Save energy and time
Develop clear image
Communicate them according to their capabilities
Involve intimation in objectives
16. Add variety and newness to the lesson, provide
vicarious experience
Basis for more effective perceptual and conceptual
learning
Make learners active, attentive and motivating.
Increase understanding and retention
Objectives / Purposes of Teaching Aids
18. Direct Purposeful Experiences
First hand experiences
Learning by doing things
Contrived Experiences
Representative models
and mock-ups of reality.
Provides more concrete
experiences(visualization)
19. Dramatized experiences.
Learners can participate in a
reconstructed experiences.
Familiarity with the concept
Demonstrations.
Visualize explanation of important
fact, idea, or process
20. Study Trips
Learning experience through excursions and
visits
Exhibits
Combination of some
of the first levels
24. 1.Principles of Selection
Appropriate to the age level, grade level, and other
characteristics of the learners.
Interesting and motivating.
True representatives of the real things.
Realization of desired learning objectives.
25. 2.Principles of preparation:
Locally available material should be used.
The teachers should receive some training in the
preparation of aids.
Students may be associated in
the preparation of aids.
26. 3.Principles of Presentation
Can carefully visualize the use of teaching aids before
their actual presentation.
Familiarity with the use and manipulation of the aids.
Handle with care.
Proper display of aids
28. Characteristics of AV aids
Relevancy
Useful and purposeful teaching
Accuracy
Interest
Minimize verbalism
Comprehensibility
Simple/ cheap
29. Advantages of using AV aids
Learning process - More effective and conceptual.
Grab the attention of students
Builds interest and motivational teaching
Enhances the energy level of teaching and students
Provide a realistic
approach and experience
to the students
30. Disadvantages of using AV aids
Technical Problems
Improper selection/ usage
Financial hurdles
Students distractions
Time consuming
Need Space
31. Factors influencing in selection of
A.V. aids
Objective of training Programme / teaching
Nature of subject matter being taught
Nature of audience or large group
Relative cost
Teacher familiarity
32. Factors influencing in selection of
A.V. aids
Skill in selection, preparation and its use
Availability, functioning or working condition
of A.V. aid
Knowledge of resources
33. Limitations of AV aids
Apathy of teachers
Indifference of students
Financial problems
Absence of infra structure
Language barriers
Do not replace the teacher
Not followed the principles in making (Letters &
symbols are illegible, colors are misused)
34. Classifications of Audio visual Aids
OHP
SLIDES
FILM
STRIPS
LCD
PROJECTO
R-PPT
TV
INTERACTIV
E WHITE
BOARD
MOBILE
LEARNING
VIRTUAL
LEARNING
CHALK
BOARDS
CHARTS
FLASH
CARDS
MODELS
BOOKS
HANDOUTS
PUPPETS
FLANNEL
BOARDS
PROJECTED
NON-
PROJECTED ELECTRONIC
35. OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
A projector having a flat, transparent top on which a
sheet like transparency is places, and an overhead
mirror reflects on the transparency to a screen.
36. Preparation and storing of OHP film
OHP Transparency Film ( Acetate Sheet) - 8.5 x 11” or
10X10’’
Place lined paper / (6 mm) grid sheet beneath acetate
sheet
Use letter style – 6mm for Text and 9 mm for Titles
Use capital letters for titles.
Use one lettering style.
Store them flat, clean and interlocked with paper
37. Methods of using overhead projector
The projector should not be subjected to mechanical
vibrations.
Use voltage stabilizer.
Halogen lamps will not with stand heavy surge in
voltage and never touch the lamp by hand.
The OHP should be kept in a fixed place
38. Methods of using overhead projector
Use masking tape
Stand off to one side of OHP while facing the
audience.
Use pointer
Place the OHP on a table (Avoid
key stone effect)
39. Advantages
It can be used in a fairly lighted room.
Material projected can be changed easily and quickly.
Particularly suited for complex diagrams, charts and
illustrations.
Can build up information
point- by-point through the use of overlays.
40. Disadvantages
A blown bulb or power failure can spoil all your hard
work.
Image quality can also be a problem.
Can be disorienting to manipulate transparencies on
projector plate.
41. Power point presentations
LCD( Liquid Crystal Display ) panel
It is very popular and alternative to OHP.
42. Guidelines for PPT
First slide - Topic , Name of the presenter
Last slide - Reference.
Limit the number of slides 12 slides for 10 minute
presentation.
Avoid patterned back ground,
ensure text contrasts with
background
43. Guidelines for PPT
Legible font can be used.
Follow rule of Seven
Use lower case letters with correct spelling.
Use of sound or video for interest creation.
Be consistent in making the slides
Use appropriate picture with one/ two animation
44. Advantages
Interesting and motivating for students
Easy to present and maintain eye contact with a
large audience
Can combine text, graphics and multi-media content
to create professional presentations
45. Disadvantages
Time consuming for teachers
Technical faults ( Power supply)
Some animations will not be supported by all systems
Speakers create slides so they have something to
present rather than outlining, organizing, and focusing
on their message.
46. Chalk board/ Blackboard
A blackboard or chalkboard is a slightly
abrasive writing surface made ( wood, ply, hardboard,
cement, ground glass, asbestos, etc.) with black,
green or bluish-green paint on it.
White chalk sticks are generally used
for writing on the board.
47. Types of chalk / black board
Ordinary board held by Easel
Roller chalk board
Magnetic board
Black ceramic unbreakable board
Green glass chalk board
Write and wipe off white board
48. Characteristics of chalk / blackboard
Size- 5m x 6m
Surface- Rough, Dull
The writing should be easily eliminated with duster.
The chalkboard should be mounted on an
appropriate height
49. Use of chalk boards
Use with other aids
For writing important points
For drawing illustrations
For solving problems of mathematics and science
For giving notes to students
To give exam and test
50. Skills involved in effective use of
chalk board
Don’t write everything on chalkboard.
Most convenient place - Left side to stand
Take half stick of chalk and hold the chalk between
the thumb and forefinger.
Write in sequence as head line
There should be equal gap in between the words.
51. The margin space for the top and bottom of the
board should be equal. Use more pressure for
strong line
Try to keep 2/3rd part of the board when drawing.
Never use fingers in place of duster.
Use duster (cleaned after each class)
52. Write in straight rows starting at the top corner.
Avoid abbreviation
Do not talk as you write
Extreme lower corners should not be used.
Use coloured chalks.
53. CHARTS
Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial
and written key information in systematic way to
summarize, compare. ex: anatomical charts and
figure, diagrams etc.
54. PURPOSES
To show the relationships by means of facts and
figures.
To show continuity in process
For presenting the material symbolically
Presenting abstract ideas in visual form
55. TYPES OF CHARTS
Tabulation chart
Bar chart
Line chart
Pie chart
Flow chart
Evolution chart
Tree chart
57. Size of the chart
Standard chart paper in sizes 90x60cm and 70x55cm
or 20’’x30’’.
The size of the letters
Title – Two and half inch
Subtitle and headings – One and one third inches
Space between lines- One and two inches
58. PREPARATION OF CHARTS
Based on objectives
The layout should be balanced and should use the space
effectively
Title of the chart should be simple, short ,clear and
impressive.
One chart should convey just one idea or one principle.
Charts crowded with information are less effective
59. Light coloured chart paper should be used
Simple hand-drawn charts with non- decorative lettering
are more effective.
Involve students in making charts
Charts should be visible to every pupil in the class.
Use a pointer.
A chart should give neat appearance.
PREPARATION OF CHARTS
60. POSTERS
Posters are simple graphic visual aid which conveys
single idea or single subject.
61. PRINCIPLES OF POSTER
MAKING
Brevity: Not more than five words is best.
Simplicity: Too many words should not be used on a
paper.
Idea: A poster must tell its story, at a glance. Hence
illustrations and captions should be large enough.
62. Layout: Bold simple styled letters will be easy to
read expressive letters also can be used to attract
attention and to convey the idea.
Colour: Black or Yellow is
recognized to be the most striking
combination.
63. Lettering:
Letters should be legible and of appropriate size.
Poster size:
This usually confirm to the paper sizes available
such as 10”x15”, 15”x20”, 20”x30” etc. These can be
used horizontally or vertically
64. FLASH CARDS
Flash cards are small cards of generally 25×30 cm
(10x12 inches) size which are shown for a few
moments before the class or group to send across
a message or impart an idea.
Flash cards would be used along with the other
graphic aids to make the lesson effective.
65. PREPARATION OF FLASH CARDS
Cut a chart paper and cut it into four equal parts to
get the flash cards.
Write the content on it and it should be large enough
It is advisable to make a rough card on an ordinary
paper first and then transfer.
Use colour to make it attractive.
The number of cards should be 10 to 12 in a set.
66. USING THE FLASH CARDS
Give brief introduction about the lesson to the
students.
Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high
with both your hands so that all the students can see
it.
Add more information to the
students responses.
67. FLANNEL BOARD
Flannel board or felt board is a little more than piece
of rigid material covered with cotton, wool, suede
cloth.
Pupils may be often asked to
fix these to arouse their
creative interest.
68. PRINCIPLES OF FLANNELGRAPH
One piece of rough textured (dark green or blue) cloth
will adhere or stick to another.
The backing material (30”x40” ) may be wall board,
massonite, plywood, softwood, heavy cardboard etc.
Rough textured materials that may be used include
cotton, flannel, khadhi.
69. Guidelines for the presentation of
flannel board
Tightly stretch the flannel or cloth to the board with
drawing pins.
Stick the flannel in an organized manner and number
it properly based on space.
Adequate lighting should be there.
70. Use minimum number of objects based on the
principles
Stick the object when explanation is given and
remove the cut outs from the board once the
explanation is over
71. Interactive White board
A SMART Board is a brand of interactive whiteboard.
It allows teachers and students to control the
computer through touching the screen. Add-on
devices and software can be purchased to increase
the interactivity.
72. Interactive Whiteboards
Touchscreen: It allows users to alter the data in the
screen with their fingers. The addition of this feature
has made its use much simpler and effective.
73. Imaging: The high quality imaging make the classes
far more entertaining and informative.
Online Help: The users can access the web through
the device.
74. Smart Tools: Some of these smart tools are the
magnifier, pointer, spotlight, screen capture etc.
75. Integrating a wide range of material into a lesson e.g.
a picture from the internet.
They allow teachers to create easily and rapidly
customized learning objects from a range of existing
content.
They allow learners to absorb Information more
easily.
They allow learners to participate in group
discussions
Advantages of Interactive Whiteboards
76. Disadvantages of Interactive
Whiteboards:
High cost : IT classrooms with modern devices
are needed
Technical Inability: Old school teachers are not
comfortable with modern technology
Teacher Training: Special training for the teachers
are needed
Technical problems- Internet facility with good
speed is needed. Touch sensitivity limitations are
there
77. Mobile learning(m-learning)
Mobile learning is an educational system.
Mobile learning supports, with the help of mobile
devices, a continuous access to the learning
process. This can be on appliances like your phone,
laptop or tablet.
78. Usage of Mobile in learning
Offering mobile learning material- Texts, videos or
audios.
Interaction during lessons- Teachers ask questions
and the pupils will answer them on their mobile or
devices. Automatically credited if the answer is
correct.
Synchronous learning -Immediate feedback from
your teacher or fellow students
79. Benefits
Relatively inexpensive as compared with PCs and
laptops
Multimedia content delivery and creation options.
Continuous and situated learning support
Decrease in training costs
Potentially a more rewarding learning experience
Students are motivated
80. Disadvantages
Distraction
Connectivity and battery life
Screen size and key size
Meeting required bandwidth for nonstop/fast streaming
Content security or copyright issue from authoring group
Multiple standards, multiple screen sizes, multiple
operating systems
Limited memory
81. Conclusion
Audio visual aids are great tool for teachers
to enhance the education of their students with the
multi sensory approach…….
Hinweis der Redaktion
hese are sensory objectives and images which stimulate and emphasis on learning process. (Burton)
Those aids which help in completing the triangular process of learning- motivation, classification and stimulation.
(Carter V. Good)
Printed books, printed workbooks, printed posters etc.
Requires machines to produce them
Slides, motion pictures, television, phonograph, recording, tape recording, radio etc.
Here, both in production and reception a machine or several machines are involved.
Develop easy and understandable learning material
Make teaching process more effective by enabling the audience to look, listen and learn
Motivation
Teaching aids motivate the students so that they can learn
better.
2) Clarification
Through teaching aids , the teacher clarify the subject matter
more easily.
3) Discouragement of Cramming
Teaching aids can facilitate the proper understanding to the
students which discourage the act of cramming.
Can carefully visualize the use of teaching aids before their actual presentation.
Familiarity with the use and manipulation of the aids.
Adequate care should be taken to handle an aid in such a way as no damage is done it.
The aid should be displayed properly so that all the students are able to see it, observe it and derive maximum benefit out of it.
Avoid key stone effect …Do not keep the OHP too low as it will make a image distorted i.e image will get wider at the top and narrower at the bottom. This distortion is called keystoning.
The chalkboard should be mounted on an appropriate height within the reach of teacher and visibility of students
· Don’t write everything on chalkboard.
Most convenient place to stand is towards the (L) side of the chalkboard, as this allows you to turn from the chalkboard to the class.
Take half stick of chalk and hold the chalk between the thumb and forefinger.
Write in sequence as head line and
· There should be equal gap in between the words. Size of each letter should be equal and broad.
Gaps between each word should be uniform.
The margin space for the top and bottom of the board should be equal. Use more pressure for strong line
Try to keep 2/3rd part of the board when drawing.
· Don’t write everything on chalkboard.
Most convenient place to stand is towards the (L) side of the chalkboard, as this allows you to turn from the chalkboard to the class.
Take half stick of chalk and hold the chalk between the thumb and forefinger.
Write in sequence as head line and
· There should be equal gap in between the words. Size of each letter should be equal and broad.
Gaps between each word should be uniform.
The margin space for the top and bottom of the board should be equal. Use more pressure for strong line
Try to keep 2/3rd part of the board when drawing.
Prepare charts are sheets of thick white or light coloured paper.
Fibre tipped round point and Chisel – Point colour Markers.
Drawing aids
Adhesives
Touchscreen: One of the main advantages of interactive whiteboard is the fact that it has a touchscreen and allows users to alter the data in the screen with their fingers. The addition of this feature has made its use much simpler and effective. The touchscreen feature also makes the classes for little kids much more entertaining as they are involved to far greater extent. The instructor can also easily move the data around due to the touchscreen feature of the interactive whiteboards.
Online Help: The interactive whiteboard allows the users to access the web through the device. Thus the instructors can take help of any software that is available in the internet. The use of interactive whiteboard also enables the instructors to play videos from the internet when they need to.
Imaging: The high quality imaging that these interactive whiteboards provide make the classes far more entertaining and informative. The involvement of the students and the collaboration from their side increases which enhances the quality of the class.
Smart Tools: The interactive whiteboard offers various tools to the instructors which makes their job much easier. Some of these smart tools are the magnifier, pointer, spotlight, screen capture etc.