Systematic review and Meta-analyses synthesize data obtained from primary research. A properly carried out review helps the researchers to concentrate in their flied of interest, This Article Will help and Provide Guidance For your Research works Learn More :http://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/ Contact : United Kingdom : +44–1143520021 India : +91 9884350006 Visit : http://pubrica.com/ Email : sales@pubrica.com

1. Systematic Review Meta – Analysis
Step by Step Guide?
Source : John Wick, M.S., PhD

2. Definition of Systematic review and meta-analysis
Systematic review and Meta-analyses synthesize data obtained
from primary research. A properly carried out review helps the
researchers to concentrate in their flied of interest. A lot of
research material is available widely to the clinicians in the
form of journals, electronic texts that are updated periodically,
and evidence libraries. The only problem associated with these
systematic reviews is that all of them are not particularly of
high quality. Therefore, it becomes critical to study their
validity and their application in the researcher’s filed of
interest.

3. Systematic review and meta-analysis
A systematic review provides
answer to a defined research
question.
It answers the question by
collecting and summarizing all
the evidence that fits in the
prescribed selection criteria.

4. Systematic review and meta-analysis
 A meta-analysis makes use of statistical methods to
summarize the results of the primary studies
(COCHRANE TRAINING, 2019) .
 Systematic reviews can be of different quality like other
research articles.
 These reviews are a significant piece of work. They also
prove useful to other researchers and clinicians.

5. Systematic review and meta-analysis
The Systematic Reviews Should Include:
1. Clearly defined objectives with and must include pre-defined
eligibility criteria for studies.
2. Should follow a reproducible methodology.
3. Systematic search approach that helps to identify multiple
studies (york.ac.uk, 2019).
4. Should provide study of the validity of the findings.
5. Should include systematic presentation and synthesis of the
features and findings of the studies

6. Systematic review and meta-analysis
Fig 2: Types of reviews

7. Systematic review and meta-analysis
Components of a review Traditional, narrative reviews Systematic reviews
Formulation of the question Usually address broad questions Usually address focused questions
Methods section Usually not present, or not well-described Clearly prescribed with pre-stated
criteria about participants,
interventions and outcomes
Search strategy to identify
studies
Usually not described; mostly limited by
reviewers abilities to retrieve relevant
studies: usually not reproducible and
prone to selective citation
Clearly described and usually
exhaustive; transparent, reproducible
and less prone to selective citation.
Quality assessment of identified
studies
Usually all identified studies are included
without explicit quality assessment
Only high quality studies are included
using pre stated criteria; if lower quality
studies included, the effects of this are
tested in subgroup analyses
Data extraction Methods usually not described Usually undertaken by more than one
reviewer onto pre-tested data forms;
attempts often made to obtain missing
fata from authors of primary studies
Data synthesis Qualitative description employing the
“vote counting” approach, where each
included study is given equal weight,
irrespective of study size and quality
Meta-analysis assigns higher weights to
effect measure from more precise
studies; pooled, weighted effect
measures with confidence limits
provide power and precision to results
Heterogeneity Usually dealt with in a narrative fashion Heterogeneity dealt with by graphical
and statistical methods: attempts are
often made to identify sources of
heterogeneity
Interpreting results Prone to emulative systematic biases and
personal opinion
Less prone co systematic biases and
personal opinion

8. Systematic review and meta-analysis
 It is very important that each review is studies thoroughly
and carefully and attention is paid to detail. One should
carefully plan and document all the material required.
 The following step-by-step guide provides the guidelines
on what one should include when reporting a systematic
review (Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive
Epidemiology, 2019)

9. Systematic review and meta-analysis
The review should answer all the questions in the desired
sequence.
STEPS :
1. Why is it necessary to carry out a systematic review?
2. Who will be involved in the process?
3. Formulation of the problem. Check if the process has
been carried out before. Register your review. To frame a
question in meta-analysis which is answerable the use of
PICO (Participant-Intervention-Comparator-Outcomes)
framework should be made (Schardt et al., 2019)
4. Perform the search in the desired area of study.

10. Systematic review and meta-analysis
STEPS :
5. Extract data. One should also determine potential data bias
through publications. Also analyze if the data is of your interest of
study.
6. Study the results of the study (Critical assessment). The quality of
information obtained from these articles should also be determined.
One can also make use of the GRADE criteria.
7. Synthesize data.
8. Collect results and documentation
9. Archive and update.

11. Systematic review and meta-analysis
References :
• Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (2019).
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses: a step-by-step guide. [Online].
2019. Available from: https://www.ccace.ed.ac.uk/research/software-
resources/systematic-reviews-and-meta-analyses. [Accessed: 5 April
2019].
• COCHRANE TRAINING (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic
Reviews of Interventions. [Online].
• Schardt, A.A., Miller, F.G. & Bedesem, P.L. (2019). The Effects of CellF-
Monitoring on Students’ Academic Engagement: A Technology-Based
Self-Monitoring Intervention. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions.
[Online]. 21 (1). pp. 42–49. Available from:
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1098300718773462.
• york.ac.uk (2019). Syestematic Reviews. [Online]. 2019. Available from:
https://www.york.ac.uk/crd/SysRev/!SSL!/WebHelp/SysRev3.htm.
[Accessed: 5 April 2019].

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