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1. Juvenile Crime
Prevention
Adélaïde Vanhove, IJJO
November 27-28, 2013, Riga

2. International Foundation based in Bruxelles.
 IJJO Aims:
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To bring an international and interdisciplinary vision
of juvenile justice
To create multidisciplinary network of experts
To promote development strategies, policies and
intervention methods.
Beneficiaries: Children and young people at-risk
of exclusion or in conflict with the criminal law.

3. I. The IJJO: for a fair juvenile justice
worlwide
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Pillars:
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Prevention policies.
Promotion of educative and alternative Measures.
Social & professional inclusion.
IJJO main action lines:

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Research and analysis.
Public awareness and dissemination of information.
Training and technical assistance.
Advovacy work.
Regional think tanks.

4. I. IJJO International Biannual Conference
The 1st International
Conference
'Juvenile Justice and
the Prevention of
Delinquency in a
Globalized World‘.
250 people from 30
countries around
the world met at
this First
Conference.
The 2nd International
Conference:
'Juvenile justice in
Europe: a
framework for
integration‘
gathered during two
days, more than 300
professionals from
35 countries.
27-29.10.2004
SALAMANCA
25-26.10.2006
BRUSSELS
The 3rd International
Conference:
'Juvenile Justice
Systems in Europe:
current situation,
trends in applicable
models and good
practices‘ during
two days gathered
more than 450
practitioners and
experts from 45
countries in Europe,
America, Africa and
Australia
21-22.10.2008
VALENCIA
The 4th International
Conference: 'Building
Integrated Juvenile
Justice systems:
Approaches and
methodologies
regarding mental
disorders and drug
misuse'. In total
gathered more than
350 assistants from
50 countries coming
from Europe,
America, Africa, Asia
and Oceania.
09-10.11.2010
ROME
International Juvenile
Justice Observatory´s
NEXT STEPS towards
enhanced protection
th
The 5 International of juveniles
Conference:
´Criminality or Social
Exclusion? Justice
for Children in a
Divided World´.
2012
LONDON
2014
???

5. I.MAIN IJJO RECOGNITIONS
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
The UN Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC) has granted
the IJJO the UN SPECIAL
CONSULTATIVE STATUS.
The UN Organization for
Education, Science and Culture
(UNESCO) has established with
IJJO OPERATIONAL RELATIONS.
The IJJO and the Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights
(OHCHR) HOSTED THE INTEGRACY
JUVENILE JUSTICE PANEL´S 2011
ANNUAL MEETING, in Brussels,
(Belgium), April 5-6, 2011.
The IJJO and the UN Latin American
Institute (ILANUD) Section Brazil,
have signed a COLLABORATION
AGREEMENT to promote
development of Juvenile Justice in
Brazil and Latin America.
EUROPEAN LEVEL
The IJJO has been recognised
as an ‘EXPERT NGO’ of the
European Forum for the Rights
of the Child for the European
Union.
The IJJO has been granted
the PARTICIPATORY
STATUS by the Council of
Europe.
The IJJO is participating in - financed
by the Directorate-General of Justice,
of the European Commission - as
expert on several innitiatives
European Dimensions in Juvenile
Delinquency.
The IJJO has been granted the
OBSERVATORY STATUS in the
Liaison Group of the European
Economic and Social Committee
with the civil society organisations
and networks.

6. International Standards
• The convention of the right of child and the CRC
According to art. 6 (right to development) and of art. 29 (aims of education) of the
CRC, it is obviously not in the best interests of the child if he/she grows up under
circumstances that may cause an increased or serious risk of becoming involved in
criminal activities.
Articles 18 and 27 CRC confirm the importance of the responsibility of parents for
the upbringing of their children, But the CRC consistently requires States Parties to
provide the necessary assistance to parents (or other caretakers) in the
performance of their parental responsibilities.
The CRC systematically recommends implementing a juvenile justice system in
conformity with Convention in particular articles 37, 40 and 39,

7. International Standards
• The CRC General Comment N 10
‘Emphasis should be placed on prevention policies facilitating the successful
socialization and integration of all children, in particular through the family,
the community, peer groups, schools, vocational training and the world of
work, as well as through voluntary organizations.’
‘The States Parties should also develop community based services and
programmes, which respond to the special needs, problems, concerns and
interests of children, in particular of children repeatedly in conflict with the
law, and which provide appropriate counselling and guidance to their families”

8. International Standards
• The United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of
Juvenile Delinquency (The Riyadh Guidelines)
The prevention of juvenile delinquency cannot be reduce to the field of criminal
juvenile justice, but must include all childhood and adolescence related fields;
there is no such thing as prevention exclusively targeting criminal behaviour.
The successful prevention of juvenile delinquency requires efforts on the part of
the entire society to ensure the harmonious development of adolescents.

9. International Standards
• 1995 Guidelines for Cooperation and Technical
Assistance in the Field of Urban Crime Prevention
(ECOSOC Resolution 1995/9, annex).
Recommends as a major strategy, to prevent youth delinquency and crime, the
trend toward the inclusion of youth-at-risk and to facilitate the reintegration of
sentenced offenders.

10. International Standards
• 1995 Guidelines for Cooperation and Technical
Assistance in the Field of Urban Crime Prevention
(ECOSOC Resolution 1995/9, annex).
Recommends as a major strategy, to prevent youth delinquency and crime, the
trend toward the inclusion of youth-at-risk and to facilitate the reintegration of
sentenced offenders.

11. EU Standards
Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee
on The prevention of juvenile delinquency. Ways of
dealing with juvenile delinquency and the role of the
juvenile justice system in the European Union
“It is useful to note that in many cases the victims of juvenile delinquency
are young people themselves. “
“The importance that European society attaches to juvenile delinquency means
that effective responses must be found, which will have to be built principally on a
three-fold foundation:
– prevention,
– punitive-educational measures, and
– the social integration or re-integration of minors and young offenders.”

12. Juvenile Crime Prevention: Definition
‘We can define the juvenile delinquency’s prevention
as the measures taken by the governments to deter
juvenile to commit offences, or to reduce the number
of crime, as well as to maintain the public security
and to reduce, de facto, the victimization.’
Jean Zermatten
Former CRC President

13. Who? Children, Youth, or minors?
It is generally believed that the separation of those
concepts plays an important role in crime prevention,
but in reality it makes sense when we think about
responsibility and the punishment.
If we think about prevention, these concepts blend
into one – this is just a person whom we must help to
grow up.

14. If our aim is to keep young people away from harm caused by crime
–
prevention is related to all groups of young
people
Child, adolescent, minor, young adult

15. What does it mean – Youth at risk?
«80. Young people who live in difficult circumstances are often
at risk of becoming delinquent. Poverty, dysfunctional
families, substance abuse and the death of family
members have been demonstrated to be risk factors for
becoming delinquent. Insecurity due to an unstable social
environment increases vulnerability, and young people
with poorly developed social skills are less able to protect
themselves against the negative influences of a peer group.»
United Nations World Youth Report (2005)
http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/wpayjuvenile.htm#WYR2005

16. What does it mean – Youth at risk?

17. Levels of Juvenile Crime Prevention
•
Primary Prevention: on social and economical factor
Under the responsibility of the government (social affairs, education, health,
employment etc), not in the hands of the judiciary power.
It addresses individual and family level factors correlated with a possible criminal
activity.
It’s well-known that individual level factors such as school attendance and
involvement in social activities have an important preventive impact, in particular
to children and adolescents, and decrease the probability of criminal involvement.
But, it also important to underline the necessity to involve the family (nuclear
family or family at large if appropriate) to reduce individual risks.
The prevention, in its primary dimension, has to tackle not only the individual and
familiar issues, but also the violence which is underlying in the daily social life,
which is diffuse and seems accepted as fate.

18. Levels of Juvenile Crime Prevention
•
Secondary Prevention : targeted to vulnerable groups
Try to avoid that an unwanted event which occurred, reproduces.
In terms of crime, it means preventing that a committed offence repeats.
It’s the reason why, secondary prevention will use more technical instruments,
focusing for the governments on at risk situations such as youth who are dropping
out of school by adopting social programmes.
Or for the justice system, using alternative measures, supportive and educative
answers rather than deprivation of liberty or institutionalization.

19. Levels of Juvenile Crime Prevention
•
Terciary Prevention : fight against recidivism
Aim at avoiding that persons who have already committed offenses repeat them in
a recurrent and chronic way and become multirecidivists.
Under the responsibility of the Justice system to find solutions which allow the
offender to endorse the responsibility of his numerous acts, without being totally
excluded from the community and which favor, at the end of the penal
intervention, the reintegration in the community.
It is particularly important for the teenagers, whom it is necessary to avoid
qualifying as “irremediable” delinquents and excluding totally from social activities.

20. Levels of Juvenile Crime Prevention
The Implementation, Two main schools:

Social Prevention to act on individuals and their environments to avoid
antisocial behaviour and stigmatisation.
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Prevention according to the situation indentification of possible situation
where antisocial behaviour can appear.

21. Children Rights and Crime prevention?
Prevention is a much broader concept than generally considered.
Concept of children's crime prevention is also linked to prevention of children's
rights violation.
In both cases, when a law is violated by a child as well as when the rights of a child
are violated, the result is equal – mechanisms of prevention have not worked.
We have faced conditions that impedes a normal development of the child –
in one case it is trauma, but in the other – punishment.

22. There are many different reasons or circumstances that
can prompt a minor to commit a crime:
• A broken home, or even difficulty in balancing family life
and work, both of which increasingly often result in a lack of
attention and an absence of constraints and control for
children.
• Socio-economic marginalisation or poverty, which also
makes it difficult for the minor to integrate properly into
society.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52006IE0414:EN:HTML

23. Children crime factors
• Academic failure: at school, this already leads to labelling or
social stigmatisation, which often paves the way for antisocial
behaviour or delinquency.
• Unemployment, which is at its highest among young people
and often leads to situations of frustration and despair,
creating a breeding ground for delinquent behaviour.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52006IE0414:EN:HTML

24. Children crime factors
• Abuse of alcohol, drugs and toxic substances which often
causes the addict to commit crimes in order to support
his/her addiction.
• Personality and behaviour disorders, either in association
with or independently of the factor outlined in the previous
point.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52006IE0414:EN:HTML

25. Strategies to prevent youth violence
•
Early childhood and parenting support programmes applied to
children under the age of 10. Programmes in this category include
parenting and home visitation programmes, parent and child
programmes, and media interventions which provide information to
increase parenting knowledge and strengthen awareness of child
maltreatment.
•
Institution-based academic and social skills development
programmes (pre-school/school) for students aged 3-18 years.
Programmes in this category include preschool and academic enrichment
programmes, programmes to provide children with social, emotional and
behavioural skills and competencies, and structured interventions offered
to school students before or after regular school hours.

26. Strategies to prevent youth violence
• Social and vocational skills training programmes
applied to disadvantaged and high-risk youths.
Programmes in this category include outreach programmes to
prevent gang-related violence, vocational training for
underprivileged youths.
• Policies and population-based community- and societylevel programmes for reducing exposure to risk factors
for violence. Programmes in this category include policies
and programmes for reducing exposure to lethal means (e.g.
guns and knives), alcohol and illicit drugs, concentrated
poverty and violent computer games.

27. Conclusions
SAVE MONEY, PROTECT SOCIETY, REALISE
YOUTH POTENTIAL
IMPROVING YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEMS DURING A TIME
OF ECONOMIC CRISIS

28. • Through the prioritization of four key
factors in the design of JJ policies, EU
governments can save money, ensure
greater security, and foster the positive
development of its young population.

29. • These 4 key factors are:
–
–
–
–
Prevention
Diversion
Utilizing community sanctions
Reducing the number of children in pre- and
post-trial detention.

30. Conclusions:
• Juvenile crime prevention grows from child protection policy;
• A successful child crime prevention tackles all age groups of
children who can be exposed to risk situations and related
behavioural risks;
• The greatest prevention should be done at the place where
the child lives – from the birth to adulthood;
• When the police must be involved, the major part of
prevention possibilities is already lost;
• Delinquency prevention is not a task that can be distributed
among the institutions. This must be done using a
multidisciplinary approach;

31. THANK YOU!

32. Contact details
Adélaïde Vanhove, Policy Officer, EU Affairs
avanhove@oijj.org
International Juvenile Justice Observatory
Rue Mercelis, nº50,
1050 Brussels, Belgium