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GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 
PRESENTED BY 
R.PRIYA
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY (GC) 
*Gas chromatography is a chromatographic technique that can be used 
to separate volatile organic compounds. 
*GLC( or) GC is a type of partition chromatography. 
*It consists of 
a flowing mobile phase (carrier gas) 
an injection port 
a separation column (the stationary phase) 
an oven 
a detector.
BASIC GC SYSTEM 
 One or more high purity gases are supplied to the GC. One of the 
gases (called the carrier gas) flows into the injector, through the 
column and then into the detector. 
 A sample is introduced into the injector usually with a syringe or 
an exterior sampling device. The injector is usually heated to 
150-250°C which causes the volatile sample solutes to vaporize. 
 The vaporized solutes are transported into the column by the 
carrier gas. The column is maintained in a temperature controlled 
oven. 
 The solutes travel through the column at a rate primarily 
determined by their physical properties, and the temperature and 
composition of the column.
 The various solutes travel through the column at different 
rates. The fastest moving solute exits (elutes) the column first 
then is followed by the remaining solutes in corresponding 
order. 
 As each solute elutes from the column, it enters the heated 
detector. An electronic signal is generated upon interaction of 
the solute with the detector. 
 The size of the signal is recorded by a data system and is 
plotted against elapsed time to produce a chromatogram.
TYPES OF GC 
Two types of gas chromatography 
1. Gas-solid chromatography (GSC) 
2. Gas-liquid chromatography(GLC) 
Gas-solid chromatography 
Is based upon a solid stationary phase 
on which retention of analytes is the 
consequence of physical adsorption. 
Gas-liquid chromatography 
Is useful for separating ions or 
molecules that are dissolved in a solvent.
PRINCIPLE OF GC 
 The GC principle involves separation of components of the sample under 
test due to partition in between gaseous mobile phase and stationary 
liquid phase. 
 Gas chromatography runs on the principle of partition 
chromatography for separation of components. In terms of stationary 
and mobile phases it is categorized under gas-liquid type 
of chromatography . 
 The organic compounds are separated due to differences in their 
partitioning behavior between the mobile gas phase and the stationary 
phase in the column.
WORKING PROCEDURE OF GC
Process Flow Schematic 
Sample injection 
Carrier gas 
(nitrogen or 
helium) 
Long Column (30 m) 
Detector (flame 
ionization 
detector or FID) 
Air 
Hydrogen
Gas Chromatograph Components 
Flame 
Ionization 
Detector 
top view 
Injection Port 
Column 
Oven 
front view
INSTRUMENTAL COMPONENTS 
CARRIER GAS 
The carrier gas must be chemically 
inert. Commonly used gases include 
nitrogen, helium, argon, and carbon dioxide. 
SAMPLE INJECTION PORT 
The most common injection method is 
where a micro syringe is used to inject 
sample through a rubber septum into a flash 
vaporizer port at the head of the column. The 
temperature of the sample port is usually 
about 50°C higher than the boiling point of 
the least volatile component of the sample. 
The carrier gas enters the chamber and can 
leave by three routes. The sample vaporizes 
to form a mixture of carrier gas, vaporized 
solvent and vaporized solutes.
COLUMNS 
There are two types of column, 
1.Packed column 
2. capillary column (also known as open tubular). 
PACKED COLUMNS 
It contain a finely divided, inert, solid support material coated with liquid stationary 
phase. Most packed columns are 1.5 - 10m in length and have an internal diameter of 2 - 
4mm. 
CAPILLARY COLUMNS 
1. wall-coated open tubular (WCOT) 
2. support-coated open tubular (SCOT) 
Both types of capillary column are more efficient than packed columns. 
These have much thinner walls than the glass capillary columns, and are given strength by 
the polyimide coating. They have the advantages of physical strength, flexibility and low 
reactivity.
PREPARATION OF SAMPLE 
Polar compounds are not directly applied. polar groups (-OH, - 
COOH) into non-polar derivatives increases the volatility of these 
compounds. Silanization, methylation and perfluoroacylation are common 
conversion methods for CHO, fatty acids & amino acids. Non-polar organic 
compounds need any such conversion and they can be directly applied. 
APPLICATION OF SAMPLE 
The sample for GLC is dissolved in a suitable solvent such as 
acetone or methanol and is injected into the column using a micro syringe in 
the injecting port. 
SEPARATION PROCEDURE 
The most commonly used carrier gases are nitrogen, helium 
& argon. The gases are passed at a flow rate of 40 to 80 ml. 
Two types of temperature control techniques: 
1. Isothermal analysis 
2. Temperature programming
DETECTORS 
GC detectors detect the isolated components and helps in 
identification and quantification of the sample. 
TYPES OF GC DETECTORS 
1.Thermal conductivity detector 
2.Flame ionization detector 
3.Electron capture detector 
4.Flame photometric detector 
5.Photo-ionization detector 
6.Hall electrolytic conductivity detector
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR 
 The effluent from the column is mixed with hydrogen and air. 
 Organic compounds burning in the flame produce ions and 
electrons which can conduct electricity through the flame. 
 A large electrical potential is applied at the burner tip, and a 
collector electrode is located above the flame. 
 The current resulting from the pyrolysis of any organic compounds 
is measured. 
 The FID is a useful general detector for the analysis of organic 
compounds, it has high sensitivity, a large linear response range, 
and low noise. 
 It is also easy to use, but unfortunately, it destroys the sample.
Flame Ionization Detector 
Air 
Teflon insulating ring 
Hydrogen 
Capillary tube (column) 
Platinum jet 
Collector 
Sintered disk 
Flame 
Gas outlet 
Coaxial cable to 
Analog to Digital 
converter 
Ions
ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTOR 
 The computer to record the analysed readings. This is 
connected with the detector and hence records the detector 
changes in reference to the flow of separated components from 
the exit of the column. The record is called gas chromatograph. 
 The thermal chamber to fix or maintain fixed temperature. 
 Further improvement in GC apparatus is fixed with Mass 
spectroscopy system (GC-MS) for better analysis of 
components.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPH OUTPUT 
time (s) 
detector 
output 
•Peak area proportional to mass of 
compound injected 
•Peak time dependent on velocity through 
column
USES OF GC 
 Widely used for the qualitative and quantitative 
analysis of a large number of compounds 
 This technique provides a high speed and resolution 
 Very good reproducibility and high sensitivity 
 1000 of volatile organic compounds can be separated 
by GC 
 Non-volatile substance can also separated if converted 
in to volatile one by oxidation, acylation, alkylation, 
etc. 
 Concentration of individual elements such as carbon 
and hydrogen can be determined very accurately 
 Alcohols, esters, fatty acids and amines present in 
biological samples are often separated by GC.
APPLICATION OF GC 
 Gas chromatography (GC) continues to play an important role in 
the identification and quantification of ubiquitous pollutants in 
the environment. 
 GC in the analysis of various classes of persistent organic 
contaminants in air, water, soils, sediments. Special attention is 
given to sample-preparation techniques. 
 The organic pollutant groups are: volatile organic compounds 
(VOCs) , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) , pesticides 
and halogenated compounds. 
 Trends and future perspectives of capillary GC in the field of 
environmental analysis.
Refinery Solutions 
1) REFINERY SOLUTIONS 
Gas Chromatographs are uniquely designed to 
provide extended analysis in the most extreme of 
plant condition. Emerson gas chromatograph 
offers: 
• Better control of the process 
• Environmental monitoring 
• Billing and cost accounting for product 
transfers 
2) CHEMICAL/PETROCHEMICAL SOLUTIONS 
chemical and petrochemical plants keep operating efficiently. 
• Maintain proper chemical ratios 
• Monitor for unconverted carbons 
• Monitor purge gas rates and track BTU usage 
& variations in product feed composition 
• Measure impurities in product 
• Minimize product loss 
Chemical/Petroche 
mical Solutions
3) GAS PROCESSING SOLUTIONS 
 For gas processing plants, gas chromatograph product 
and service offerings reduce installation and maintenance 
costs, while improving process quality. 
 We offer a complete range of gas plant applications 
that demonstrate an advanced combination of innovative 
technology and hardened instrumentation 
Gas Processing Solutions 
4) ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 
SOLUTIONS 
 There are numerous gases found in industrial process 
plants that are harmful should a gas leak occur, such as 
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and others. 
 Analytical process gas chromatographs provides 
reliable, accurate analysis of gases. A Analytical process 
gas chromatograph offers a sensitivity of 100% 
humidity, and even samples will not deter accurate 
analysis. 
Environmental 
Monitoring Solutions
Gas chromatograph with a headspace sampler
REFERENCES 
 Biomedical instrumentation- V.Arumugam 
 Palanivelu. P. Analytical biochemistry and separation 
techniques. 
 Webster. J.G. Bioinstrumentation. 
 Bioinstrumentation- L.Veerakumari. 
www.detectors of gas chromatography.com.au 
www.science info world of gas chromatography. 
www.gas cromatography.edu.au
Gas chromatography

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Gas chromatography

  • 2. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY (GC) *Gas chromatography is a chromatographic technique that can be used to separate volatile organic compounds. *GLC( or) GC is a type of partition chromatography. *It consists of a flowing mobile phase (carrier gas) an injection port a separation column (the stationary phase) an oven a detector.
  • 3. BASIC GC SYSTEM  One or more high purity gases are supplied to the GC. One of the gases (called the carrier gas) flows into the injector, through the column and then into the detector.  A sample is introduced into the injector usually with a syringe or an exterior sampling device. The injector is usually heated to 150-250°C which causes the volatile sample solutes to vaporize.  The vaporized solutes are transported into the column by the carrier gas. The column is maintained in a temperature controlled oven.  The solutes travel through the column at a rate primarily determined by their physical properties, and the temperature and composition of the column.
  • 4.  The various solutes travel through the column at different rates. The fastest moving solute exits (elutes) the column first then is followed by the remaining solutes in corresponding order.  As each solute elutes from the column, it enters the heated detector. An electronic signal is generated upon interaction of the solute with the detector.  The size of the signal is recorded by a data system and is plotted against elapsed time to produce a chromatogram.
  • 5. TYPES OF GC Two types of gas chromatography 1. Gas-solid chromatography (GSC) 2. Gas-liquid chromatography(GLC) Gas-solid chromatography Is based upon a solid stationary phase on which retention of analytes is the consequence of physical adsorption. Gas-liquid chromatography Is useful for separating ions or molecules that are dissolved in a solvent.
  • 6. PRINCIPLE OF GC  The GC principle involves separation of components of the sample under test due to partition in between gaseous mobile phase and stationary liquid phase.  Gas chromatography runs on the principle of partition chromatography for separation of components. In terms of stationary and mobile phases it is categorized under gas-liquid type of chromatography .  The organic compounds are separated due to differences in their partitioning behavior between the mobile gas phase and the stationary phase in the column.
  • 8.
  • 9. Process Flow Schematic Sample injection Carrier gas (nitrogen or helium) Long Column (30 m) Detector (flame ionization detector or FID) Air Hydrogen
  • 10. Gas Chromatograph Components Flame Ionization Detector top view Injection Port Column Oven front view
  • 11. INSTRUMENTAL COMPONENTS CARRIER GAS The carrier gas must be chemically inert. Commonly used gases include nitrogen, helium, argon, and carbon dioxide. SAMPLE INJECTION PORT The most common injection method is where a micro syringe is used to inject sample through a rubber septum into a flash vaporizer port at the head of the column. The temperature of the sample port is usually about 50°C higher than the boiling point of the least volatile component of the sample. The carrier gas enters the chamber and can leave by three routes. The sample vaporizes to form a mixture of carrier gas, vaporized solvent and vaporized solutes.
  • 12. COLUMNS There are two types of column, 1.Packed column 2. capillary column (also known as open tubular). PACKED COLUMNS It contain a finely divided, inert, solid support material coated with liquid stationary phase. Most packed columns are 1.5 - 10m in length and have an internal diameter of 2 - 4mm. CAPILLARY COLUMNS 1. wall-coated open tubular (WCOT) 2. support-coated open tubular (SCOT) Both types of capillary column are more efficient than packed columns. These have much thinner walls than the glass capillary columns, and are given strength by the polyimide coating. They have the advantages of physical strength, flexibility and low reactivity.
  • 13. PREPARATION OF SAMPLE Polar compounds are not directly applied. polar groups (-OH, - COOH) into non-polar derivatives increases the volatility of these compounds. Silanization, methylation and perfluoroacylation are common conversion methods for CHO, fatty acids & amino acids. Non-polar organic compounds need any such conversion and they can be directly applied. APPLICATION OF SAMPLE The sample for GLC is dissolved in a suitable solvent such as acetone or methanol and is injected into the column using a micro syringe in the injecting port. SEPARATION PROCEDURE The most commonly used carrier gases are nitrogen, helium & argon. The gases are passed at a flow rate of 40 to 80 ml. Two types of temperature control techniques: 1. Isothermal analysis 2. Temperature programming
  • 14. DETECTORS GC detectors detect the isolated components and helps in identification and quantification of the sample. TYPES OF GC DETECTORS 1.Thermal conductivity detector 2.Flame ionization detector 3.Electron capture detector 4.Flame photometric detector 5.Photo-ionization detector 6.Hall electrolytic conductivity detector
  • 15. FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR  The effluent from the column is mixed with hydrogen and air.  Organic compounds burning in the flame produce ions and electrons which can conduct electricity through the flame.  A large electrical potential is applied at the burner tip, and a collector electrode is located above the flame.  The current resulting from the pyrolysis of any organic compounds is measured.  The FID is a useful general detector for the analysis of organic compounds, it has high sensitivity, a large linear response range, and low noise.  It is also easy to use, but unfortunately, it destroys the sample.
  • 16. Flame Ionization Detector Air Teflon insulating ring Hydrogen Capillary tube (column) Platinum jet Collector Sintered disk Flame Gas outlet Coaxial cable to Analog to Digital converter Ions
  • 17. ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTOR  The computer to record the analysed readings. This is connected with the detector and hence records the detector changes in reference to the flow of separated components from the exit of the column. The record is called gas chromatograph.  The thermal chamber to fix or maintain fixed temperature.  Further improvement in GC apparatus is fixed with Mass spectroscopy system (GC-MS) for better analysis of components.
  • 18. GAS CHROMATOGRAPH OUTPUT time (s) detector output •Peak area proportional to mass of compound injected •Peak time dependent on velocity through column
  • 19. USES OF GC  Widely used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of a large number of compounds  This technique provides a high speed and resolution  Very good reproducibility and high sensitivity  1000 of volatile organic compounds can be separated by GC  Non-volatile substance can also separated if converted in to volatile one by oxidation, acylation, alkylation, etc.  Concentration of individual elements such as carbon and hydrogen can be determined very accurately  Alcohols, esters, fatty acids and amines present in biological samples are often separated by GC.
  • 20. APPLICATION OF GC  Gas chromatography (GC) continues to play an important role in the identification and quantification of ubiquitous pollutants in the environment.  GC in the analysis of various classes of persistent organic contaminants in air, water, soils, sediments. Special attention is given to sample-preparation techniques.  The organic pollutant groups are: volatile organic compounds (VOCs) , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) , pesticides and halogenated compounds.  Trends and future perspectives of capillary GC in the field of environmental analysis.
  • 21. Refinery Solutions 1) REFINERY SOLUTIONS Gas Chromatographs are uniquely designed to provide extended analysis in the most extreme of plant condition. Emerson gas chromatograph offers: • Better control of the process • Environmental monitoring • Billing and cost accounting for product transfers 2) CHEMICAL/PETROCHEMICAL SOLUTIONS chemical and petrochemical plants keep operating efficiently. • Maintain proper chemical ratios • Monitor for unconverted carbons • Monitor purge gas rates and track BTU usage & variations in product feed composition • Measure impurities in product • Minimize product loss Chemical/Petroche mical Solutions
  • 22. 3) GAS PROCESSING SOLUTIONS  For gas processing plants, gas chromatograph product and service offerings reduce installation and maintenance costs, while improving process quality.  We offer a complete range of gas plant applications that demonstrate an advanced combination of innovative technology and hardened instrumentation Gas Processing Solutions 4) ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SOLUTIONS  There are numerous gases found in industrial process plants that are harmful should a gas leak occur, such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and others.  Analytical process gas chromatographs provides reliable, accurate analysis of gases. A Analytical process gas chromatograph offers a sensitivity of 100% humidity, and even samples will not deter accurate analysis. Environmental Monitoring Solutions
  • 23. Gas chromatograph with a headspace sampler
  • 24. REFERENCES  Biomedical instrumentation- V.Arumugam  Palanivelu. P. Analytical biochemistry and separation techniques.  Webster. J.G. Bioinstrumentation.  Bioinstrumentation- L.Veerakumari. www.detectors of gas chromatography.com.au www.science info world of gas chromatography. www.gas cromatography.edu.au