1. SITO
States In Transition
Observatory
www.statesintransition.org
Country Brief | Madagascar
November 2011
Madagascar was declared an autonomous state within the French community in 1958
and gained full independence in 1960. A history of successive government takeovers
and sporadic violence has resulted in a fragile political and economic environment. In
March 2009, Andry Rajoelina, the mayor of Antananarivo, declared himself President
of the High Transitional Authority of Madagascar (HAT), with the support of the military.
The ousted President, Marc Ravalomanana, resigned on 17 March 2009, and is living
in exile in South Africa. SADC-mediated negotiations between the HAT and opposition
parties ended with an accord being signed on 17 September 2011. The Road Map
allows President Ravalomanana to return to Madagascar, and sets a timeline for new
elections. An interim power-sharing agreement was established, whereby Rajoelina will
remain president until elections are held in March 2012, and a new transitional govern-
ment will be selected. This agreement has heightened hope for the future of democracy
in Madagascar, but has already met with obstacles. On 28 October 2011, Rajoelina
named Omer Beriziky as the new prime minister, without the consent of opposition par-
ties as required by the Road Map. Ravalomanana’s party has stated that it may with-
draw from negotiations due to Beriziky’s un-consensual appointment. On 21 November
2011, Rajoelina named a new government, which the opposition immediately rejected
as illegal. It remains to be seen how, and if, elections will be held in March 2012.
Political Environment
The political environment in Madagascar has been marked by a struggle for control. Politi-
cal transitions have been associated with popular protests, disputed elections, two military
coups and an assassination. In 1975, Didier Ratsiraka came to power in a military coup
and, barring a short period in the early 1990s, ruled until 2001. In the 2001 presidential
elections both he and Marc Ravalomanana claimed victory. Following eight months of spo-
radic violence and economic disruption, the High Constitutional Court undertook a recount
in April 2002 and named Ravalomanana president. Although Ravalomanana’s re-election in
2006 was met with concern over the worsening standard of living, he and his party Tiako I
Madagasikara (TIM) dominated the political environment between 2002 and 2009.
Politics in Madagascar have also been marred by ethnic divisions. Ethnic tensions between
the coastal Betsimisaraka tribe of former President Didier Ratsiraka, and the highland Me-
rina tribe of recently deposed President Ravalomanana, have often polarised debates, fuel-
ling violent anti-government demonstrations that paralyzed state institutions.
In early 2009, Andry Rajoelina, former mayor of Antananarivo, led a series of protests
against the then-President Marc Ravalomanana on the basis of his autocratic style of gov-
ernment. Having come under immense pressure and losing the support of the military;
President Ravalomanana resigned in March 2009 and assigned his powers to a military
council. The military then conferred the presidency on Rajoelina for a “maximum period of
24 months”. International and local stakeholders viewed this as unconstutional and saw the
change in power as a coup d’état. The EU froze donor aid to the country, and Madagascar
was suspended from the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the African
Union (AU).
www.idasa.org

2. As the self-appointed President of the High Transitional Authority (HAT), Rajoelina pledged
that presidential elections would be held by October 2010, following a constitutional ref-
erendum and revision of the electoral code. This pledge was not fulfilled, however, and no
elections have been held since the HAT seized power.
Major Political Parties
While there are 160 political parties in Madagascar, three major political parties receive the
support of more than 80% of the population. These parties, I Love Madagascar (TIM), As-
sociation for the Rebirth of Madagascar (AREMA) and National Union for Development and
Democracy (UNDD), are led by ousted President Ravalomanana, former President Ratsiraka,
and former President Zafy, respectively. In addition, Rajoelina’s Young Malagasy Determined
(TGV) party has played an important role in the political arena since the coup in 2009.
Other Key Political Stakeholders
International and regional stakeholders in Madagascar include the UN, the AU, SADC, the
International Organisation of the Francophonie (IOF), and the Indian Ocean Commission
(IOC). Envoys from these organisations are committed to ongoing negotiation around the
adoption of a Road Map towards elections. SADC in particular has played an important role
in the Road Map negotiation process, and has been involved in attempts to restore democ-
racy in Madagascar since the 2009 coup. The Council of Christian Churches is involved
in mediation attempts between Rajoelina and Ravalomanana, as well as providing social
services to Malagasy citizens.
France’s role is also worth considering given that strong Franco-Malagasy ties that were es-
tablished post-independence. This relationship was strained by France’s unhurried recogni-
tion of Ravalomanana’s government in 2002. This mutual distrust deepened with France’s
continuous involvement in Madagascar’s affairs, and criticism by French economic players
based in Madagascar of Ravalomanana as an entrepreneur-president. Although France never
officially endorsed the HAT, it was reluctant to condemn the 2009 coup. French President
Nicolas Sarkozy has been quoted as saying that Ravalomanana bore some responsibility for
the coup. France has been widely criticised by the US State Department, European govern-
ments and the AU for its involvement in Malagasy politics.
Democracy
Separation of Powers
The Malagasy constitution is modelled on the French presidential system, and there are
concerns regarding the lack of checks and balances to the centralised and personal power
of the President and the executive branch. In 2009, for example, Rajoelina issued a decree
proclaiming a state of emergency in Madagascar, and simultaneously suspended the Senate
and National Assembly. The legislative branch is relatively weak. The bicameral Parliament
has limited oversight functions, and is unable to initiate legislation. With power consolidated
in the executive branch, the legislature remains an ineffectual mechanism for tempering the
power of the presidency.
There are serious constraints to the independence of the judiciary. The Minister of Justice is
both the supreme administrative and disciplinary head of the judges, and judges are seen as
being members of the established middle class who block changes and tend to preserve the
neo-patrimonial privileges of their class or group.
The High Constitutional Court has made several judgements that seem heavily influenced
by the executive. For example, when Ravalomanana signed an order dissolving government
and granting full powers to a military directorate, the directorate was mandated with host-
ing a national conference to discuss and draft possible amendments to the constitution, to
review the electoral code, and to organise elections within two years. The military directorate
immediately passed these powers to Rajoelina, who asked the High Constitutional Court

3. to determine the validity of Ravalomanana’s initial decree, and the military’s subsequent
divestment of its mandate to Rajoelina. The High Constitutional Court endorsed both orders
and declared Rajoelina the President, despite outcry from legal scholars, civil society, and
regional and international stakeholders, who saw the situation as an unconstitutional coup.
The HAT authorities have subsequently regularly interfered with the functioning of the Mala-
gasy judiciary. For example, they ordered the release of detainees already condemned for se-
rious human rights violations and set up institutions to carry out arrests and conduct investi-
gations in lieu of the police and office of the prosecutor. On 28 August 2011, Ravalomanana
and eight other people were sentenced in abstentia to life imprisonment and hard labour for
their alleged involvement in the unlawful killings of supporters of Rajoelina. This judgement
was criticized by members of the Malagasy Bar Association as being politically-motivated.
Civic Participation
The Constitution guarantees civil rights, including the freedom of association and the free-
dom of expression. While the Constitution guarantees freedom of assembly, it requires prior
information be provided to the competent administrative authority before a demonstration
takes place. In practice, the authorities interpret this provision as a requirement of prior
authorisation and consistently oppose the demonstrations which express opinions contrary
to those of the state.
Freedom of expression, while enshrined in the Constitution, is frequently usurped by the
security sector. Moreover, radio and TV broadcasting remain under state control, and journal-
ists and editors tend to self-censor since the state has repeatedly threatened those consid-
ered to be too critical.
Further concern has been raised over the lack of civic engagement in Madagascar. This has
been attributed to poverty, a shrinking middle class, and the secular disenfranchisement of
active civic participation work.
Economic Situation
Madagascar was once considered one of the more prosperous African nations, but eco-
nomic mismanagement and recurrent crises in the past few decades have meant that annual
growth averaged only 0.5 percent recently, compared with a population growth of about 2.8
percent.
Over 70% of the Malagasy population lives below the poverty line. The economy is based
largely on agriculture, particularly the export of coffee, vanilla, cloves and, with the help of
French investments, sugar. In addition to agriculture, mining plays an integral role in the
economy. Chromate, graphite, and mica are exported, along with various gems. Private
mining interests have been invited to develop Madagascar’s gold deposits. There has also
been renewed interest in Madagascar’s oil potential since large amounts were discovered in
2005.
Madagascar’s rich biodiversity has been seen as an opportunity for potential development
and the government has invested in establishing an ecotourism sector. Nevertheless, govern-
ment efforts to strengthen the market economy have been erratic and corruption and political
instability continue to constrain growth.
In the mid-1990s, Madagascar abandoned its socialist economic policies in favour of the
World Bank and IMF-led policies of privatisation and liberalisation which were intended to
place the country on a slow and steady growth path. The stagnation which occurred during
the 1991-1996 period was followed by five years of solid economic growth until the politi-
cal crisis of December 2001 brought economic activity across most of the country to a halt.
Following the 2002 political crisis, the government, with the support of international finan-
cial institutions and the donor community, worked to develop a new policy course and gain
business confidence. The Malagasy government presented its ambitious recovery plan at
the World Bank’s “Friends of Madagascar” conference in Paris. Donor countries displayed

4. their confidence by undertaking to provide $1 billion of financial assistance over a period of
five years, and between 2002 and 2008 measured improvements to social, economic and
governance indicators were noted.
The political crisis that erupted in early 2009, however, continues to have significant impli-
cations for the economic situation. It has led to increased fragility, poverty and social dis-
tress. Due to the unconstitutionality of the coup, a large portion of international aid, which
represents 40% of the budget and 75% of the public investment programme, has been with-
drawn. Madagascar’s economic recovery is closely linked to foreign aid, and until the politi-
cal crisis has been resolved, it is likely that Malagasy economic growth with remain stunted.
Malagasy Road Map to Elections
SADC has been instrumental in facilitating the drafting of a Road Map to re-establish de-
mocracy in Madagascar. In mid-2009, international mediators brokered a power-sharing
agreement between rival camps, but the deal failed to materialise and Rajoelina later for-
mally abandoned it. A new Constitution was endorsed following a referendum in November
2010, but elections have not yet been held – they were initially scheduled for late 2010,
then postponed until 2011, and again postponed until March 2012.
Nevertheless, progress was made on 17 September 2011 when all but one of the main
Malagasy political parties agreed to a Road Map that allows for the return of Ravalomanana
and the selection of an interim cabinet in the run-up to the elections. Whilst there has been
no immediate word on the lifting of sanctions and aid suspensions imposed on Madagascar,
the Road Map has been recognised by the international community. On 18 October 2011,
the premier and Cabinet tendered their resignations so that a transitional government could
be selected in November ahead of the elections. On 28 October 2011, Rajoelina named
Omer Beriziky as prime minister, without the consent of opposition parties as required by
the Road Map. Ravalomanana’s party has stated that it may now pull out of the negotiations
to restore democracy in Madagascar due to Beriziky’s unconsensual appointment. Further
consternation arose on 21 November 2011 when Rajoelina announced the members of the
transitional government; the opposition parties immediately issued statements claiming that
his appointments were illegal.
It remains to be seen whether the Road Map will materialise into credible elections and the
re-establishment of stability and democracy in Madagascar.
Opportunities and Threats
The opportunity to once again establish stability and transform Madagascar into a thriving
African democracy brings with it the chance to re-energise the economy and work towards
addressing the numerous development challenges that plague the country. Nevertheless the
negotiations have proved to be challenging and there is no guarantee that the Road Map
will generate a successful partnership and credible results. The rejection of the new interim
government and of the appointment of a new prime minister by opposition leaders does not
bode well for the successful implementation of the Road Map, scheduled for ratification on
30 November 2011.
The history of Madagascar’s political situation is a cause for concern and the success of this
transformation will depend on the active participation of both the signatories and regional
bodies. It is imperative that the focus of the next 12 months is not solely on establishing
democracy but also on successfully sustaining it in the years to come.

5. References
Amnesty International, ‘Madagascar: Urgent Need for Justice,’ (2010), available: http://
www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR35/001/2010/en/6e05b73b-1337-4a57-b80b-
4c6d3e7fef61/afr350012010en.pdf, accessed 23 November 2011.
Reuters, ‘Madagascar names new government, opposition rejects,’ (21 November 2011),
available: http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/madagascar-names-new-government-opposi-
tion-rejects/, accessed 23 November 2011.
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http://allafrica.com/stories/201103180837.html