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Getting to Significance: Case Studies in the Application of Criterion A to Historic Roads and Bridges
- 1. Getting to Significance: Case Studies in the Application of Criterion A to Historic Roads and Bridges
- 2. Case Studies from Three States 2 ï§ Texas Historic Road Corridors ï§ Indiana Historic Bridge Inventory ï§ Minnesota Historic Bridge Inventory Texas Indiana Minnesota
- 3. Texas Historic Roads Corridor 3
- 4. Case Study: Texas Historic Road Corridors 4 North Llano Road/Old Spanish Trail 1891 map showing post routes in Kimble County and surrounding areas. (Source: Texas State Library and Archives Map Collection)
- 5. Case Study: Texas Historic Road Corridors 5 Source: Old Spanish Trail Centennial (www.oldspanishtrailcentennial.com) Source: Transcontinental Highways of the United States Map, Virtual Map Library, University of Texas at Arlington Source: Texas State Library and Archives Map Collection
- 6. Case Study: Texas Historic Road Corridors 6 US 290 Realignment Source: Texas Department of Transportation, Records Management Section. Source: Texas Department of Transportation, Environmental Affairs Division, Roadside Park Files. 1951 Roadside Park Source: Texas Department of Transportation, Records Management Section.
- 7. Case Study: Texas Historic Road Corridors 7 Ranch to market 1674 Interstate 10
- 8. Case Study: Texas Historic Road Corridors 8 ï§ Framework and tools for evaluation: ï§ Statewide context for historic roads ï§ Multiple Property Document (in future) ï§ âA Guide to the Research and Documentation of Historic Bridges in Texas,â Lila Knight, Knight & Associates (2004) http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/env/bridges.pdf
- 9. Indiana Historic Bridge Inventory 9
- 10. Case Study: Indiana Historic Bridge Inventory 10 ï§ Criterion C recognizes bridges that are significant in their design or construction, considering such elements as engineering features and architectural treatment ï§ Bridges identified from NBI database analysis, inspection of plans, photos, etc. ï§ Criterion A recognizes an important association with a transportation system, period or project, or event ï§ Bridges identified through research
- 11. Case Study: Indiana Historic Bridge Inventory 11 ï§ Criterion A: Historical Association ï§ GIS-based analysis used to identify bridges with potential road association ï§ Others identified through historical research
- 12. Methodology for Criterion A: GIS Analysis 12 ï§ Historic Routes and Significant Time Periods Historic Route Significant Time Period Canals (Wabash & Erie, Whitewater, and Central) 1899 and earlier Early Historic Roads (Michigan Road, National 1916 and earlier Road, New Albany-Vincennes Turnpike) Lincoln Highway 1915 - 1925 Dixie Highway 1915 - 1935 Indiana State Highway Commission Routes 1919 - 1932 (Main Market Highways, State Routes 6, 7 and 10) Early US Highways ( USH 20, 50 and 52) 1926 - 1941
- 13. Methodology for Criterion A: GIS Analysis 13 ï§ Maps use for historic route GIS Michigan data development Road ï§ 1876 Historical Atlas of Indiana (maps for each county ï§ State Highway maps âą 1870 ,1901, 1917, 1919, 1920, 1926, 1930 âą Alignments used from maps appropriate to the routeâs significant National Road time period
- 14. Methodology for Criterion A: GIS Analysis 14
- 15. Indiana Bridges Eligible Under Criterion A: Association with Michigan Road 15 Bridge 1600178 (c.1910) â Decatur County Bridge 4900018 (1911) â Marion County
- 16. Indiana Bridges Eligible Under Criterion A: Association with National Road 16 Bridge 4900619 (1911) â Marion County
- 17. Indiana Bridges Eligible Under Criterion A: Association with New Albany-Vincennes State Road/Turnpike 17 Bridge 5900013 (1887) â Orange County
- 18. Indiana Bridges Eligible Under Criterion A Association with ISHC's early development of state highway system 18 Bridge 1600002 (1931) â Decatur County
- 19. Results â Indiana Historic Bridge Inventory 19 Final eligibility determinations Criterion Eligible bridges A 33 C 396 A and C 15 Total 444
- 20. Minnesota Historic Bridge Inventory, 1956-70 20
- 21. Case Study: Minnesota Historic Bridge Inventory 21 ï§ Areas of significance related to road and bridge construction within the subject period: ï§ Transportation ï§ Social History ï§ Conservation ï§ Community Planning and Development ï§ Industry ï§ Significance under Criterion A requires a direct relationship between a bridge and an event or trend.
- 22. Minnesota Bridges Eligible Under Criterion A 22 Bridges Recommended Eligible Under Criterion A: Transportation Bridge Number Date Facility Carried County 9412 1959 TH 72 Lake of the Woods 35005 1968 TH 175 Kittson 9090 1963 US 2 Polk 5923 1962 TH 61 Cook
- 23. Minnesota Bridges Eligible Under Criterion A: Association with Transportation 23 Bridge 9412 (1959) â Lake of the Woods County
- 24. Minnesota Bridges Eligible Under Criterion A: Association with Transportation 24 Bridge 35005 (1968) â Kittson County
- 25. Minnesota Bridges Eligible Under Criterion A 25 Bridges Recommended Eligible Under Criterion A: Social History, Conservation, and Community Planning and Development Bridge Date Facility Carried County Number Abandoned Tower 9155 1960 Hennepin Avenue 9300 1961 TH 5 West 7th Street Hennepin
- 26. Minnesota Bridges Eligible Under Criterion A Association with Social History, Conservation, and Community Planning and Development 26 Bridge 9300 (1961) â Hennepin County
- 27. Minnesota Bridges Eligible Under Criterion A: Association with Industry and Engineering 27 Erie Mining Company Diversion Works Bridge 7771 (1956) â St. Louis County
- 28. Minnesota Historic Roads Study 28 Trunk Highway routes that played significant role in transportation Route Termini TH 5/100 near Fort Snelling in Hennepin County US/TH 10 Twin Cities to the North Dakota border US/TH 52 St. Paul to Rochester US/TH 61 Duluth to Two Harbors US/TH 61 St. Paul south to the Iowa border Crosstown in Hennepin County from Highway 494 to TH 62 Highway 55 TH 169 Iowa border to Virginia
- 29. Conclusions: Criterion A Lessons Learned 29 ï§ Streamlined results are imperfect ï§ Risk management approach ï§ Context ï§ Public outreach Bridge 5923 (1962) â TH 61, Minn.
- 30. Lessons Learned: Indiana Example 30 Associated with Crane Naval Ammunition Depot?
- 31. Conclusions: Criterion A Lessons Learned 31 ï§ Contingency plan (application should be rare) ï§ Mechanism to consider new information ï§ Revisit/reverse eligibility determinations Lincoln Highway, Porter Co., Ind.
- 32. Conclusions: Criterion A Best Practices 32 âą Determining which routes are significant through solid contextual research âą Understanding the various roadways alignments and significant period of the road âą Explaining to the public the application of National Register Criteria âą Educating the public and interested parties on the types Dixie Highway â Widened here in Indiana of information needed
- 33. Questions/Contact 33 Amy Squitieri amy.squitieri@meadhunt.com LinkedIn/amy-squitieri | Past & Present blog | www.meadhunt.com
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Identifying the historic significance of roadways and bridges is a recurring challenge for historians working on behalf of state departments of transportation. Through case studies from three projects across the country, I will describe our approach to identifying potential historical associations and then evaluating roads and bridges for eligibility under Criterion A. This presentation of the case studies from Texas, Indiana and Minnesota is intended to further the dialogue on best practices for historic road and bridge research, context development and evaluation. By examining three different projects that each dealt with this challenge, I hope to shed light on both solutions and pitfalls faced in the evaluation of roads and bridges under Criterion A.
- The first case study focuses on the approach to historic road research underway in Texas as part of an ongoing effort to programmatically address evaluation of the stateâs historic roads. Iâm using this case to illustrate a methodology that helps to identify Criterion A associations of roads and bridges. Many of the road corridors in Texas have roots in the stateâs settlement during the Spanish Colonial period and evolved through the modern day and post-World War II era. Ten case studies were developed to supplement a prior statewide road historic context. Each traces the historical development of certain highway segments. The case studies were chosen for their diversity in geographic location and ability to illustrate evolution of road types.
- Individual road corridorhistories, like the example just shown, are being used in conjunction with the statewide historic road development context to effectively consider Criterion A significance of roads and bridges. TxDOTâs recently developed statewide road context provides the framework to evaluate structures under Criterion A for historical associationâs and complements the stateâs efforts with historic bridges. In the future, this context will be incorporated into a Multiple Property Document with registration requirements for roads. To identify potential local significance, TxDOT advises using these studies in combination with âA Guide to the Research and Documentation of Historic Bridges in Texas,â Lila Knight, Knight & Associates (2004) (http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/env/bridges.pdf). These tools,when used together, can help a historian effectively evaluate a bridge under Criterion A.
- The Indiana Historic Bridge Preservation Program provides an example of a comprehensive, statewide approach to identifying and evaluating historic bridges (included 6,300 bridges) and planning for the long-term by encouraging owners to rehabilitate and preserve significant bridges. Here weâll focus on the parts of the project that led up to and resulted in consensus eligibility determinations specifically related to Criterion A.
- A two-fold process was employed to select bridges with a potential historic association. The first step selected bridges that were spatially associated with the routes. The second step used a temporal analysis to refine this selection. The bridge construction date was compared to the historically significant time period for each route. Bridges whose construction or reconstruction date fell outside of the time period were removed from the selection set. This map shows the final distribution of the selected bridges for which a potential historic route association could be demonstrated. You can see the National Road running east-to-west in purple and the Michigan road running north-to south in blue. 547 bridges were identified in the initial spatial analysis but after the temporal analysis was completed, 135 bridges remained with a potential historic route association.
- Field survey was necessary to verify the findings of the GIS analysis. Now weâll look at examples of bridges determined eligible under Criterion A for theirassociation with significant routes:These two bridges, built in 1910 and 1911, were associated with the Michigan Road, one of Indiana's earliest transportation routes. with a period of significance from c. 1900 to 1916.
- This bridge, also from 1911, is associated with the National Road and development of the state's early 20th century transportation systems.
- This through truss, built in 1887, is associated with the heyday of use of the New Albany-Vincennes State Road, a significant part of the early state transportation system. The routeâs period of significance is from the 1880s to 1916.
- This crossing was built by the state as part of new State Route 6 in 1931 and represents ISHC's early development of the state highway system
- Identifying significance under Criterion A was somewhat limited by the state-level focus of this study, as themes under Criterion A may be associated with local significance that cannot be identified unless extensive structure-specific research is completed. The historic context identified five areas of significance related to road and bridge construction within the subject period: TransportationSocial HistoryConservationCommunity Planning and DevelopmentIndustrySignificance under Criterion A requires a direct relationship between a bridge and an event or trend.
- The context recognizes that national, state, and regional highway networks, including the Interstate Highway System and development of the Trunk Highway (TH) system, are significant in Minnesota transportation history. Bridges designed to allow for river navigation and to play a role in facilitating regional, interstate, and international transportation also relate to the theme of Transportation. Four bridges in the subject period (construction dates of 1959 to 1968) are recommended eligible under Criterion A for their significance to transportation.For a bridge to be eligible for an association with development of the stateâs transportation system, it needed to, on its own, represent a transition or evolution of the overall roadway or independently be an important crossing that stands out within the larger transportation network. Next Iâll show examples of bridges eligible for their historical association with a significant transportation trend.
- Bridge 9412 over the Rainy River in Baudette, Minnesota,serves as an international crossing with Ontario, Canada. Constructed in 1959, it was the first vehicular bridge at Baudette and was built at a time when the tourism and agricultural industries were rapidly developing in this region. The Baudette Bridge represents an initiative to improve and expand transportation networks in the region, opening new areas in Minnesota to economic development. As an international crossing, the bridge was also part of a transportation initiative by local proponents to connect Minnesota and Canada by providing an additional point of entry that relieved congestion at established border crossings, connected important market or industrial routes to Ontario, and expanded recreation and tourism. Therefore, it was determined eligible under Criterion A (also eligible under Criterion C: Engineering as a rare example of its type â Pennsylvania thru-truss). Note Bob Frame, former Pennsylvanian but now of Minnesota, on site this past Feb as part of a rehab feasibility study.
- Constructed in 1968, Bridge 35005 carries Trunk Highway 175 over the Red River of the North in Kittson County, Minnesota. The bridge serves to connect TH 175 with North Dakota State Road 5 to facilitate transport of sugar beets from Minnesota to the American Crystal sugar plant in Drayton North Dakota. It is significant under Criterion A: Transportation as a major river crossing that represents an initiative to expand transportation networks in the region, opening new areas in Minnesota to economic development and connecting communities.
- Post-World War II population growth and the evolution of suburbs in urban areas were also influences on roadway and bridge construction. With the rapid expansion of Minnesotaâs transportation network during the subject period, there were community concerns about impacts to significant historic and cultural properties. Transportation solutions (including bridge construction) to avoid impacts to significant properties possess significance under the themes of social history and conservation for their consideration and protection of human lifeways. Examples show a direct structural response to preserve significant manmade resources, specifically the historic Fort Snelling. Two bridges were determined eligible for their associations with Social History, Conservation and Community Planningâthemes which proved interrelated in the subject period. Weâll look at one of these next.
- Bridge 9300 carriesTrunk Highway 5 over the Mississippi River in Hennepin County. Built in the early 1820s as a military fortification at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers, the fort is operated as a state park and was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1960. In response to concerns about the fort, the state designed TH 5 in the early 1960s to pass beneath the historic fort in a tunnel instead of on an alignment through the site that would sever the fortâs physical connection to other parts of the historic property. Bridge 9300 carries TH 5 over the Mississippi River adjacent to the tunnel. It is significant under Criterion A: Social History, Conservation, and Community Planning and Development as an example of the local impact of, and response to, highway development in the mid-twentieth century.
- One bridge from the period was identified as eligible as a component of a larger project. Located at Hoyt Lakes in St. Louis County, the Erie Mining Company Diversion Works was constructed on a narrow strip of land between Colby Lake and Whitewater Reservoir. The Diversion Works is comprised of a pump house, gate house, connecting spillway (of which Bridge 7771 is an element), and the Whitewater Reservoir. It was constructed to provide water to the Erie Mining Company Taconite Concentration Plant. That Concentration Plant opened in 1957 and was Minnesotaâs second large-scale commercial taconite plant, operating until 2001. Â The Erie Mining Company Diversion Works was evaluated for the National Register within the context of taconite mining and processing in Minnesota and found to be significant under Criterion A: Industry and Engineering for its key role in the operation of the Erie Mining Company Taconite Concentration Plant. Bridge 7771, a contributing resource, consists of a series of concrete beams spanning the spillway and supporting the CSAH 100 roadway.
- As part of the 1956-70 bridge study, seven routes were identified for further investigation because they may have significance as part of the stateâs initiative during the subject period to improve the TH routes to expressway standards.Further research of the TH route and its role in transportation during the subject period including presence of character-defining features and historic integrity is needed to determine if the route, including component bridges, is eligible for the National Register. This work is underway.Iâd like to also note that local research was not a component of this study. Instead, the limitation that bridges recommended as not eligible in this statewide study may, in rare cases, have significance under Criterion A due to local themes was acknowledged and the state has a mechanism to address such late findings on a project basis.
- Even when these efforts to mitigate shortcomings are applied, it can be difficult to evaluate a bridgeâs historical associations during a statewide inventory project where extensive local research is impractical. The historical associations of three bridges with Indianaâs Crane Naval Ammunition Depot provide evidence of this point. The context established the state highway commissionâs role during World War II in constructing roads and bridges to access military facilities. During the inventory, we sought to identify bridges related to this important theme through their construction date and proximity to military facilities and defense plants. The Crane Naval Ammunition Depot was established in 1941, and three concrete arch bridges built the same year are in close proximity to the facility (two of these pictured).  Fieldwork confirmed integrity of the bridges. They were determined eligible based on the proximity to the military facility and period of construction, and because they appeared to provide direct or important points of access to the facility. A year later when a project was proposed to replace one of the bridges, the direct association was questioned. Another consultant reevaluated the bridges and site-specific research contradicted our recommendation. The three Crane bridges eligibility determinations were reversed by subsequent agreement with FHWA and SHPO.
- The first case study focuses on the approach to historic road research underway in Texas as part of an ongoing effort to programmatically address evaluation of the stateâs historic roads. Iâm using this case to illustrate a methodology that helps to identify Criterion A associations of roads and bridges. Many of the road corridors in Texas have roots in the stateâs settlement during the Spanish Colonial period and evolved through the modern day and post-World War II era. Ten case studies were developed to supplement a prior statewide road historic context. Each traces the historical development of certain highway segments. The case studies were chosen for their diversity in geographic location and ability to illustrate evolution of road types.