JAY HIND

2. SUBMITTED BY :-
NARAYAN DHAR AWASTHI
M. SC. (Ag), Department of Genetics & Plant
Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh
University, Meerut
SUBMITTED TO :-
DR. S.S GAURAV SIR
Asso. Professor, Department of Genetics &
Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh
University, Meerut
HETEROSIS BREEDING IN RICE AND WHEAT

3. 1. Introduction
2. Floral biology
3. Emasculation and pollination
4. Hybrid seed production system in Rice
5. status of Hybrid rice technology
6. Constraints
7. Future Prospects
CONTENT

4. Rice (Oryza sativa L. 2n = 2x = 24) is the most important food
crop in Asia.
It is staple food crop of India, providing 43% of calorie
It is the requirement of more than 70% Indian population.
The area covered by rice in India is 44.0 million ha, which is
largest among all the rice growing countries with an annual
production of 103.5 (2016) million tonnes.
Total area: India > China > Indonesia > Bangladesh
Total production: China > India > Indonesia > Bangladesh
Productivity: USA>Japan > China > Indonesia
INTRODUCTION

5. In India:
Area: W.B. > U.P.>Bihar > M.P.
Production: W.B. > U.P. > A.P.>Punjab
Productivity: Punjab > Haryana > T.N. > A.P.
Cordinal temperature for rice production 30-32 0C.
Test weight of rice is 25 g
First rice variety T.N. 1 (Tiachung native 1) cross between Dee-
geo-woo-gen x Tasai-yung-chung.
Miracle rice in India is Jaya.
 In India, 56.68% of total rice area is grown on irrigated land,
27.21% on rainfed lowland and 5% on rainfed uplands (Rice
Knowledge Management Portal,Hyderabad, 2016).
Jagannath is the first mutant variety of rice in India.

9. Floral biology

10. Emasculation and pollination
Emasculation
• Purpose of emasculation to prevent pollination
• About 60% excerted spikelets are selected
• Lemma and palea need to cut at a place 20% below from the tip
• Stamens need to remove one by one with sterilized needle or forceps
• Best time : afternoon 4-6 pm and Bagging
Pollination
Process of collecting anther and pollen grains of desired male parent and putting in the
stigma at the emasculated flower of desired female parent .
• Done in the next morning when the stigma is receptive .

11. Hybrid Rice
•Heterosis in rice was reported by Jones in USA as early in 1926 and Ramaiah
in 1933.
• But the research work on hybrid rice was initiated in 1964, in China by Yuan
Long Ping (Father of hybrid Rice).
•The identification of ‘Wild Abortive’ or ‘WA’ type cytoplasmic male sterility in
1970 was a breakthrough in hybrid rice breeding.
• In 1971 China accepted Hybrid Rice Research as a national cooperative
project and in the year 1976,

12. Hybrid Rice?
Normal Rice Spikelet
(self pollinated crop)
Sterile Rice Spikelet
(Male Sterility)
Hybrid Seed Production
(Male Sterile x Normal Rice)
Rice is strictly self-pollinated crop. Therefore, for developing
commercial rice hybrids, use of a male sterility system is
essential.

13. Main feature for pure hybrid seed
• Suitable isolation distance
• Time isolation – 21 days
• Roguing
• GA3 Application (1g GA3 in 30-40ml of alcohol in 500 ltr. water )First
spray 40% and second 60% next day

14. DIFFIRENT LINE SYSTEM IN RICE
Single line System in Hybrid Production
Two line System in Hybrid Production
Three line System in Hybrid Production

15. Single line method of rice breeding
• Vegetative propagation
• Micro propagation - Anther culture
• Apomictic lines

16. Photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility (PGMS):
The line is sterile when the photoperiod (day light) exceeds 14 hrs
and the same line becomes fertile when subjected to photoperiod
of < 13 hrs.
Temperature sensitive genic male sterility (TGMS):
 It is sterile when temperature exceeds 32°C/24°C (day/night) and
becomes fertile when the temperature is below 24°C/18°C
(day/night).
 However, in few cases, sterility is observed at lower temperatures
and fertility is observed at higher temperatures. Such type of male
sterility is referred to as ‘Reverse TGMS type
Two line system in Hybrid Production

18. Some EGMS lines Identified
EGMS lines
PGMS TGMS
Nongken 58 S (China) Annong 810 S (China)
EGMS (USA) Hennong S (China)
201 (USA) 5460 S (China)
CIS 28 – 10 S (China) R 59 TS (China)
Zhenong S (China) Norin PL 12 (Japan)
X 88 (Japan) IR 32 364 (IRRI)
PEIAI S (China) IR 68945 (IRRI)
7001 S (China) IR 68949 (IRRI)

19. ADVANTAGE OF EGMS LINES
• Maintained by selfing
• Any male fertile line can be used So, they require only two lines.
• No negative effects which are associated with CMS and GMS lines
• Consequently, seed production is simpler and cheaper
• Hybrids developed using PGMS in Rice Hunan, Hubei ,Guangdong
Chemical hybridizing agent
• This non-genetic method of inducing male sterility involves the use of
chemical called hybridizing agents (CHA) or gametocides.
• This method is very useful for plant with bisexual flowers in which it is
difficult to obtain genetic or cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
• The purpose of a CHA is to facilitate the production of hybrid seed

20. Rice hybrids based on CHA’s in china 1.Qing – Hua- Fu- Gwi.,2.Gang – Hua- Qing –
Lan.,3. Gang – Hua- 2,You- Za-1,4.Ya- You-2
• The ideal gemetocide -
Selectively induce male sterility without adversely affecting the female
fertility.
Must not be mutagenic.
Have a broad range of affectivity in order to with stand adverse
environmental conditions.
Should consistently produce complete (>95%) male sterility.
 Should not be hazardous to the environment

22. Three-line method or CGMS system
• Until 1985, more than 95% of the CMS lines used in the commercial indica rice hybrids, were of CMS-WA type which make the
hybrid rice vulnerable Requirements for 3 Lines in CMS System to biotic and abiotic stresses
A-line
 Stable Sterility
 Well developed floral traits for out-crossing
 Easily, wide-spectrum, & strongly to be restored
B-line
• Well developed floral traits with large pollen load
• Good combining ability
R-line
 Strong restore ability
 Good combining ability
 Taller than A-line
 Large pollen load, normal flowering traits and timing.

23. Some sources of male sterility inducing cytoplasmic type in rice
Designation Cytoplasmic source First nuclear donor
CMS-WA Wild rice with abortive pollen Zhen shan 97 V20, V41
CMS-DA Dwarf wild rice with abortive pollen Xue Oin Zhao
CMS-IP Indonasian paddy 11-32
CMS-DT Dessi type 297
CMS-HL Hong lian Lian – Tana Chao
CMS-KR Otyza rufipogon Taichung 65
CMS-BT Chinsurah boro 11 Taichung 65
CMS-TN TN 1 Pankhari 203
CMS-GAM Gambiaca Chao yang 1
CMS-ARC Assam rice collection IRRI Acc-13829 IR 10179-3-2-1
CMS- O.
perennis
O. perihas, Acc. 104823 IR 64R
The most common used cytoplasmic sterility sources are WA, , DT, DA and IP.

24. AR

26. Hybrid rice technology
ICAR launched a mission mode project on hybrid rice in December, 1989.
The research network consist of 11 active research centers and many
voluntary centres spread across the country
78 rice hybrids have been released in the country so far. Out or these, 38
have been developed by the public sector and 40 are from private sectors.
The first superfine grained aromatic hybrid Pusa RH 10 is becoming popular
in basmati belt of north-western India.
Narendra Usar Sankar Dhan -3 is the first hybrid released for saline-alkaline
soils of Uttar Pradesh. DRR 2 and pant Sankar Dhan-3 are the promising
early hybrids.
It is estimated that around 3+ Million Hectares is under Hybrid Rice
cultivation in India in 2016 which is around 7% of the Total Rice cropped
area in India.

29. Rice Hybrids Year of release Duration
(Days)
Yield (t/ha) Developed by Recommended for
SOME Rice hybrids released in India
. APHR 1 1994 130-135 7.14 APRRI, Maruteru (ANGRAU), Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh
. APHR 2 1994 120-125 7.52 APRRI, Maruteru (ANGRAU), Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh
. MGR 1 1994 110-115 6.08 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
. KRH 1 1994 120-125 6.02 VC Farm , Mandya, UAS, Bangalore Karnataka
PHB 71 1997 130-135 7.86 Pioneer Overseas Corporation, Hyderabad Haryana, U.P., T. N.,
A.P., Karnataka
Narendra Sankar Dhan 2 1998 125-130 6.15 NDUAT & T, Faizabad Uttar Pradesh
HKRH-1 2006 139 9.41 RARS,Karnal (CCSHAU) Haryana
JRH-4 2007 110-115 7.50 JNKVV, Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh
Indira Sona 2007 120-125 7.0 IGKKV, Raipur Chhattisgarh
JRH- 8 2008 105-110 7.50 JNKVV, Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh
Pusa RH 10 2001 120-125 4.35 IARI, New Delhi Haryana, Delhi, Western UP&UTRA..

30. Resistance/ tolerance of some released hybrids/ verities to major pests and
diseases
Activity Resistant Tolerant
KRH-1 - Blast
DRRH-1 Blast -
KRH-2 Blast, Sheath rot -
Sahyadri - BLB
NSD-2 Blast BLB, Sheath Rot
PHB-71 - Blast, BLB, BPH
PA-6201 Blast BPH
HRI-120 (6444) Blast, WBPH BLB, Sheath Rot, BPH, GM
Pusa RH-10 BLB, BPH
RH-204 BPH, WBPH
Ajay (CRHR) BLB, PBH, WBPH, GM
Pant Sankar Dhan-3 BLB, RTV, WBPH
Rajalaxmi (CRHR) BLB, BPH, WBPH
Narendra Usar Hybrid BLB, BPH, WBPH

31. Super rice
• Also called green super Rice
• No Insecticide/Pesticide
• Grown in drought condition
• Less fertilizer
• High stable yield
• Less inputs and high outputs
• Eco-friendly

32. Some Constraints
 High cost of hybrid seed Rs. 300-350/kg
 Farmer have to perchase new hybrid seed every year.
 Non availability of hybrid seed in sufficient quantity.
 Quality of hybrid rice yet not comparable to inbred varieties.
 There is a storage of skilled man power at the initial stages of seed production
technology.
 Seed production can only be successful if it is supervised by well trained techniques
and carried out by experienced growers.
 Hybrid rice seed production requires a well organized seed industry, we still don’t
have this.
 The linkage between public sector research institute and seed production agencies
working on hybrid rice is weak
 Improper crop management practices;

33. Future prospects of hybrid rice technology
• To obtain higher productivity from hybrid rice with accepted grain quality .
• To reduce the seed cost, two line system should be applied.
• Proper technique should be adopted to enhance hybrid seed production per unit
area.
• Enhancing heterosis by crossing Indica X tropical Japonica rice
• Qality traits improvement.
• Hybrid rice should also develop specificly for drought , salinity and other abiotic
stresses.
• Hybrid for longer duration should also be targeted for replacing mega varieties
like BPT 5204 and MTU 7029.