Solid waste management

2. Waste management is the collection, transport, processing,
recycling or disposal and monitoring of waste materials.
The two conventional principles of waste management
were: ‘Dilute and disperse’ or ‘concentrate and contain’.
The main necessity of waste management is to enrich the
resources which are being depleted due to rising
population and increasing consumption rates.
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

4. The Environment Ministry has revised Solid Waste Management Rules after 16
years. Addressing a press conference to announce the revised Rules here today,
Minister of State of Environment,
62 million tonnes of waste is generated annually in the country at present, out of
which 5.6 million tonnes is plastic waste, 0.17 million tonnes is biomedical waste,
hazardous waste generation is 7.90 million tonnes per annum and 15 lakh tonne is e-
waste.
The per capita waste generation in Indian cities ranges from 200 grams to 600 grams
per day.
43 million TPA is collected, 11.9 million is treated and 31 million is dumped in
landfill sites, which means that only about 75-80% of the municipal waste gets
collected and only 22-28 % of this waste is processed and treated.
“Waste generation will increase from 62 million tonnes to about165 million tonnes in
2030
Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm to 600 gm per capita /
day. Average generation rate at 0.4 kg per capita per day

5. HEALTH IMPACTS OF SOLID WASTEHEALTH IMPACTS OF SOLID WASTE
Exposure to hazardous waste can affect human health,
children being more vulnerable to these pollutants.
Improperly operated incineration plants cause air
pollution and improperly managed and designed landfills
attract all types of insects and rodents that spread disease.
Direct handling of solid waste results in chronic diseases
with the waste workers and the rag pickers being the most
vulnerable.

6. Types of wasteTypes of waste
• Solid waste
• Liquid waste
• Gaseous waste
• Animal by
product(ABPs)
• Biodegradable waste
• Chemical waste
• Commercial waste/
Business waste
• Biomedical waste
• Bulky waste

7. Solid wasteSolid waste
• It is defined as
“ non liquid, non-soluble materials
ranging from municipal garbage to
industrial wastes that contain complex &
sometimes hazardous substances”
• Solid waste also include
 Garbage
 Rubbish
 Demolition products
 Sewage treatment residue
 Dead animals
 Manure and other discarded material.
-- Per capita solid waste out put 0.25-2.5 Kg/day

8. Charecterization ofCharecterization of
muncipal solid wastemuncipal solid waste

9. STRUCTURE OF MUNICIPALSTRUCTURE OF MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTESOLID WASTE
MSW
Refuse Trash
Bulky wastes (TV, refrigerators goods,
Broken furniture, etc.)
Garbage Rubbish
Putrescible matter non-degradable (glass, rubber,
Metals, plastics non-metal set)
Vegetables, Meats, food
Wastes and other readily
Degradable organic wastes slowly degradable (paper, wood
Products, textiles etc.)

10. HIERARCHY OF INTEGRATED SOLID WASTEHIERARCHY OF INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Segregation at source MSW waste minimization
Waste collection from source to segregation centers
Waste segregation into degradable to non- degradable
Non degradable wastes organic waste size reduction
Recycling plant aerobic composting
Agricultural land, gardens etc

11. WASTE MINIMISATIONWASTE MINIMISATION
Prevention of waste being created is known as waste
reduction which is an important method of waste
management.
The modern concepts based on the three ‘R’s are: Reduce,
Reuse and Recycle.
Methods of avoidance include reuse of second hand
products, designing products to be refillable or reusable,
repairing broken items instead of buying new etc.

12. HIERARCHY OFHIERARCHY OF
WASTE MINIMIZATIONWASTE MINIMIZATION

14. PROCESSES CARRIED OUT DURING THE SOLIDPROCESSES CARRIED OUT DURING THE SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENTWASTE MANAGEMENT
Integrated solid waste management through the following
processes can provide a better reliable solution for the
problem of municipal solid waste generation.
 WASTE COLLECTION
 SEGREGATION
 RECYCLING
 SHREDDING OR PULVERIZING
 COMPOSTING
CONTROLLED TIPPING / LAND FILL

15. WASTE COLLECTIONWASTE COLLECTION
 From individual houses, wastes can be collected in person
with the help of vehicle.
 To minimize the time and cost involved in collecting waste
through vehicles, public can be given instruction to dump
their house wastes in one place (nearby their street).

16. SEGREGATIONSEGREGATION
Segregation of wastes into degradable and non-degradable
wastes is to be done to recover or divert non-degradable
wastes (electric items, plastics, tyres etc.) and degradable
items (wood, textiles etc.) to its recycling plant and if
possible, it can be reused.
It is a tedious process which therefore needs labour.
Magnets can also be used to segregate ferrous metals.
This process will help in reducing the amounts of waste
going for composting and also earns money (through
selling wastes to recycling plant.

17. RECYCLINGRECYCLING
The non-degradable and degradable wastes can be
recycled very economically in the recycling
plants.
Apart from sending wastes to recycling plant, recycling of
some organic waste is possible.
Some of the waste recycling techniques are: Fly ash,
Organic wastes, Slag and scrap, Industrial gases,
Waste waters, Recovery of silver from photographic films.

18. SHREDDING OR PULVERIZINGSHREDDING OR PULVERIZING
 This process involves in size reduction of organic wastes
before it goes for composting.
 This process reduces the overall volume by 40%.
ADVANTAGES:
 It will increase surface area availability for bacterial
activity (decomposition).
 Facilitates easy handling of moisture content and aeration.

19. COMPOSTINGCOMPOSTING
Aerobic composting is one of the cheapest and easiest
methods that are being available for MSW.
Generally, composting can be carried out in three
techniques. They are
i) windrow composting
ii) Aerated static pile method
iii) In vessel method

20. Sanitary LandfillSanitary Landfill
• Sanitary Landfill
– Layer of compacted trash covered with a layer
of earth once a day and a thicker layer when
the site is full
– Require impermeable barriers to stop escape of
leachates: can cause problem by overflow
– Gases produced by decomposing garbage
needs venting
– 1 acre/10,000 people: acute space problem:
wastes piling up over 150 million tons/year;
– # of landfills down from 8000(1988) to
3091(1996)
– NIMBY, NIMFYE, NIMEY, NOPE

24. Monitoring of SanitaryMonitoring of Sanitary
LandfillsLandfills
• Gases: Methane, Ammonia, Hydrogen
sulphide
• Heavy Metals: Lead, Chromium in soil
• Soluble substances: chloride, nitrate,
sulfate
• Surface Run-offs
• Vegetation: may pick up toxic substances
• Plant residue in soil
• Paper/plastics etc – blown by the wind

27. IncinerationIncineration
• Solves space problem but:
– produces toxic gases like Cl, HCl, HCN, SO2
– High temp furnaces break down hazardous
compounds but are expensive
– Heat generated can be recovered: % of waste
burnt
• Japan 67%, Switzerland 80%, USA 6%
• Dioxins and furans are some of the most toxic
chemicals known to science.

28. • Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) are compounds that are highly
toxic environmental persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
• They are mostly by-products of various industrial processes - or, in case of
dioxin-like PCBs and PBBs
• They include:
• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), or simply dioxins.
PCDDs are derivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxin.
• Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), or furans. PCDFs are derivatives
of dibenzofuran.
• Polychlorinated/polybrominated biphenyls (PCBs/PBBs), derived
from biphenyl
• Under certain conditions PCBs may form dibenzofurans/dioxins through
partial oxidation.

29. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
ACHIEVEDACHIEVED
First and foremost, the surroundings become very clean.
Air pollution resulting from the burning of the waste has
been eliminated completely.
The use of chemical fertilizers has been stopped in the
nurseries, instead of which organic manure is being used.
Income from the sale of manure and recyclable waste have
crossed 2 lakhs.

30. reducereduce
• Disposable goods: paper plate,
paper bowl, Styrofoam cup, plastic
spoon, roll of paper
towels, paper napkin; Durable
goods: ceramic/plastic plate, metal
spoon, glass/plastic drinking cup,
dish towel, cloth napkin)
• Recovery of one tonne paper can
save 17 trees.

31. ReuseReuse
• Instead of buying new containers
from the market, use the ones that
are in the house.
• Don’t through away the soft drink
can or bottle cover them with home
made paper or paint on them and
use them as pencil stands or small
vases.

32. recyclerecycle
• Use shopping bags made of cloth or
jute which can be used over and
over