3. Histor
y
“Nasal polypi are sacs of phlegm that cause nasal obstruction”
Hippocrates
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4. 1. First described 4000 years ago
2. Egyptians were pioneers in the
treatment of nasal polyposis. They used
intranasal route to complete
mummification process
3. Celsus during the 1st century AD
documented that nasal polypi
increased during moist weather
4. Boerhaave during 17th century
considered polpi to be elongation of
nasal mucosa
Lets not forget our
past
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6. 1. Virchow – Nasal polypi were primary tumors like myxomas
2. Eggston & Wolff – Nasal polypi were caused by passive oedema
of nasal mucosa
3. Billroth – Microscopically nasal polypi resembled nasal
mucosa. Suggested that hypertrophied nasal mucosa
could be the cause
4. Kern & Shenck – allergy was common among patients with nasal
polypi
5. Burn’s theory – Acid mucopolysaccharide theory
6. Lurie – Association between nasal polyposis and cystic fibrosis
7. Samter’s triad – Aspirin sensitivity, nasal polypi and bronchial
asthma
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8. Hippocrates designed the first nasal speculum which was tubular in
nature
It was Hildanous whose designed the nasal speculum which is still
used with
minor modifications
Morrel Mekenzie used mirror to reflect sunlight into the nasal cavity so
that its contents can be seen clearly
Kierstein designed the modern headlight
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9. Manageme
nt
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• Hippocrates used various packs and
tampoons dipped in pepper to manage
these patients
• Celsus used caustic agents like
oil of turpentine to treat nasal
polypi
• Daniel Bowet was the first to
use antihistamines to treat
nasal polypi
11. Simple nasal
polypi • Also known as
inflammatory
polyp
• Ethmoidal polyp
• Antrochoanal
polyp
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12. AC polyp / Ethmoidal
polypi
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Ethmoidalpolypi Antrochoanalpolyp
Seen inadults Seen in children andadolescents
Allergy is the commoncause Infection is the commoncause
Multiple (bunch ofgrapes) Unilateral
Arises from ethmoidallabyrinth Arises from maxillaryantrum
Seen easily on anteriorrhinoscopy Seen commonly in post nasalexam
X rayPNS may show hazy ethmoids and
normal maxillarysinuses
X rayPNS showshazy maxillary antrum
Mostlybilateral Usuallyunilateral
Recurrence iscommon Recurrence isuncommon
Polypectomy Caldwel luc surgery in recurrentcases
15. Acute fulminant invasive
sinusitis
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Common in:
• Diabetics
• HIV +
• On immunosuppression
• Malignancy causing
immunosuppression
• Mucor mycosis is the common
pathogen
• Angio invasion common
16. Chronic invasive fungal
sinusitis
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• Non granulomatous chronic invasive
fungal sinusitis
• Common in diabetics
• Low grade inflammation & tissue necrosis
are its features
• Vascular invasion not common
• Orbital extension common
17. Granulomatous invasive fungal
sinusitis
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• Also known as indolent fungal sinusitis
• Pts have intact CMI
• Immune system limits invasion to
just mucosa
• Granulomatous reaction can be seen
around fungal elements
• Debridement alone would do
20. Malignant
polypi
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• Also known as sentinel polyp
• Caused due to mucosal oedema
resulting from the malignant tumor
• All nasal polypoidal mass removed from
elderly patients should be subjected to
HPE
22. Theories of nasal
polyposis
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• Adenoma fibroma theory of Billroth
• Necrotizing ethmoiditis theory of
Woakes
• Glandular cyst theory
• Mucosal exudate theory of Hayek
• Blockade theory of Jenkins
• Periphlebitis / perilymphangitis theory
of Eggston & Wolff
• Glandular hyperplasia theory of
Krajina
• Epithelial rupture theory
23. Adenoma fibroma theory of
Billroth
• Large number of
tubular glands seen
in polypoidal tissue
• Increase in the
number of these
glands causing
adenomatous
change could be the
cause for nasal
polyposis
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24. Necrotizing ethmoiditis – Woakes
theory
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• Ethmoiditis cause osteitis of ethmoid
bone
• Necrotic bone initiates mucosal
reaction causing oedema
• Bone necrosis has not been
demonstrated in the polypoidal tissue
studied
25. Glandular cyst
theory
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• Presence of cystic glands in the
nasal polypoidal tissue studied forms
the basis
• Submucosal oedema causes
obstruction of tubular glands
• Taylor in his study has proved that
glandular oedema is caused after the
formation of nasal polypi
26. Mucosal exudate theory of
Hayek• Nasal polyp is
formed due to
accumulation of
exudate localized
deep in the mucosa
• This accumulation
leads to mucosal
bulge leading to
polyp formation
• These glands are
found in the distal
part of the polyp
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27. Blockage theory of
Jenkins
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• Nasal mucosal inflammation
• Accumulation of intracellular
fluid
• This causes polyp to develop
28. Periphlebitis / Perilymphangitis
theory of Eggston & Wolff
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• Recurrent inflammation of nasal
mucosa blocks intracellular fluid
transport mechanism
• Oedema of lamina propria
• These changes are diffuse and
cannot account for localized nasal
polyp
29. Glandular hyperplasia theory of
Krajina
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• Ch inflammation of nasal mucosa
causes hyperplasia of nasal
mucosal glands
• This causes bulging of overlying
mucosa
• Associated vascular congestion
aggravates the condition
30. Epithelial rupture
theory • Current
• Epithelial rupture
due to tissue
oedema
• Prolapse of
lamina propria
through the
defect
• If the prolapse is
large it continues to
grow forming nasaldrtbalu's otolaryngology
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32. A/C polyp theories of
etiopathogenesis
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• Proetz theory
• Bernoulli’s phenomenon
• Mucopolysaccharide
changes
• Infections
• Mill’s theory
• Ewing’s theory
• Vasomotor imbalance
33. Proetz
theory
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• Faulty development of maxillary sinus
ostium
• This is usually large in these pts
• Hypertrophied mucosa from antral
cavity sprouts through this enlarged
ostium
• The growth of polyp is due to impediment
to the venous return from the polyp
37. Ewing’s theory
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• This occurs due to mucosal fold being
left close to the maxillary sinus
ostium during development
• This fold can be aspirated into the
sinus cavity due to the effects of
inspired air
39. Infection /
inflammation
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• Acinous mucous glands inside the
antrum gets blocked
• This forms a cystic lesion within the
sinus cavity
• This cyst gradually enlarges to
completely fill the antrum
• It exits via the accessory ostium to reach
the nasal cavity
40. Reasons for posterior migration of
AC polyp
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• The accessory ostium is present
posteriorly
• Inspiratory air current is more powerful
than expiratory current there by pushing
the polyp posteriorly
• The natural slope of nasal cavity is
directed posteriorly
• Cilia beats towards the choana
43. Examinatio
n
• Smooth glossy
multiple mass seen
in anterior
rhinoscopy
• Insensitive on
probing. Probe can
be passed around
the polyp
• Soft and mobile
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44. Posterior
rhinoscop
y• Polyp can be seen
at the level of
choana
• Antrochoanal
polyp can be
seen exiting out
of accessory
ostium
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