The document discusses various on-site and off-site sanitation technologies. It describes simple pit latrines, pour-flush latrines, ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines, ecosan latrines, septic tanks, aqua-privies, and centralized and decentralized wastewater systems. The main technologies are compared in terms of their advantages and disadvantages related to costs, water requirements, operation and maintenance needs, and suitability for rural versus urban contexts.

1. SUBMITTED TO:
MRS.SHAILAJA

2. CONTENTS
1. SANITATION
2. LOW COST TECHNOLOGIES
• ON-SITE TECHNOLOGIES
• OFF-SITE TECHNOLOGIES
3. TECHNOLOGY UPGRADATION

3. SANITATION:
Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities
and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces.
•Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting
health through prevention of human contact with
the hazards of wastes.
•Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological
or chemical agents of disease.
Sanitation can be divided into two basic types :
1. On-site sanitation
2. Off-site sanitation

4. On-site sanitation systems include those in
which safe disposal of excreta takes place on or near
the plot or site of the toilet.
Onsite sanitation can be classified into two
main categories:
1. ‘wet’ which require water for flushing; and
2. ‘dry’ which do not require any water for flushing.

5. It is a simple wooden or concrete slab installed over a pit of 2 m or more in
depth.
Excreta fall directly into the pit through a drop hole or a seat. This type of
latrine is a simple pit covered by a slab with a drop hole. A superstructure is
necessary to provide privacy and protection.
Advantages
•Relatively cheap
•Can be constructed by the user (particularly in rural areas)
•Does not need water to function
•Easy to maintain
•Considerable nuisance because of flies, insects (mosquitoes if pit is wet)
•Bad smell

6. A pour-flush latrine is
composed of a pan with a
water-seal installed in a
superstructure. The water-
seal is connected to a pit by
a pipe.
Advantages
•Relatively cheap
•No smells, no flies and mosquitoes
•Agreeable to use
•Can be improved by a connection to a sewer network at the right
moment
•Low water consumption 2 – 3 liters of water for each flush
Disadvantages
•A source of water is needed
•The use of solid cleansing material is not advisable (except paper)
•Skilled labor (mason) is required
•There are two kinds of VIP latrines: pour-flush latrines with one pit and
pour-flush latrines with double or multiple pits

7. These are also called self-ventilated
improved pit latrines. The principle is to
cancel or to reduce harmful side-
effects
This vent-pipe is fitted at the end by a
mesh that stops flies from entering
Advantages
•Relatively cheap
•Can be constructed by the user
•Does not need water to function
•Easy to maintain
•No smell and no flies
•It can take different sorts of cleansing materials (solid and liquid)
Disadvantages
•Darkness is indispensable within the superstructure to fight off flies
•Only functions properly when conveniently oriented towards the wind
•No surrounding obstacle (trees and buildings) should be higher than the vent pipe
•There are two types of VIP latrines: one pit latrines and double or multiple pit
latrines.

8. Ecosan latrines are latrines that ensure the
recovery of waste by separating urine and
faeces in view of their reuse in the
fertilization of soil for agricultural purposes
Advantages
•Recovery of urine and waste products
•No pollution of ground water
•Very hygienic
•Easy to maintain
•Does not need water to function
Disadvantages
•Containers for urine storage are needed
•Water is not recommended for cleansing
•Addition of ash is required after every use
•Overhead pits require climbing stairs to access the facility
•Skilled labor (mason) is required
•Apart from these latrines described above, there are other facilities which also
have advantages and disadvantages. They are: cat latrines, composting
latrines, septic tank latrines, aqua privies, etc.

9. •A septic tank is a water tight tank
•An aqua-privy functions in a similar that typically receives waste from a
manner to a septic tank whilst avoiding flush toilet.
the need for a consistent water supply
to operate a flush toilet.
Advantages Disadvantages
The system reduces the The system comes at a
level of odour and flies high cost – including the
cost of land
Advantages Disadvantages
The user has the Water is required (both in
Does not require a piped The system can fail to
convenience of a WC quantity and reliability)
water supply as a user reduce smells if the
which can be located
can defecate directly into water seal is not
indoors
the tank maintained
Permeable soil is required
It is a cheaper form of a Water must be available
for drainage
septic tank and plentiful
Requires regular emptying

10. Off-site sanitation systems include those in which
excreta are collected from the individual toilets and carried
away from the plot to be disposed off.
Offsite sanitation can be classified into two main
categories:
1. Decentralised systems include systems where groups of
two or more houses are linked to a (small bore sewer)
network leading to a communal treatment system.
2. Wastewater systems serving one or several communities
are termed centralised systems.

11. Benefits of a centralized wastewater system:
- high removal of organic matter, nutrients and
pathogen bacteria
- good adapted to urban areas
space required for WWTP (0,5 - 2 sqm/person)
- good controllability
Disadvantages:
- high cost in investment and operation
- requires highly skilled personal
- materials are often not locally available
- high water demand - for the operation of a sewer
network high water consumption is
required to prevent sewer clogging.
- energy and large machinery necessary

12. Benefits of decentralised sanitation systems
− The sewer network is much simpler and lower-cost,
than that of a centralized
system.
− Also the costs in operating such a system are low,
because in most cases no energy
is required.
− No highly skilled personal is necessary for operation.
− The basic technology allows reliable operation.
− A significant reduction of pollutant output
Disadvantages of Community based Sanitation
Systems
− It needs several treatment plants - each of them
need to be operated.
− The high demand in space could be a problem in
urban areas.