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Introduction to Embedded C
Overview ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
C for Microcontrollers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Available C Compilers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Compilation Process (Keil) program.c program.OBJ program.M51 compile program.LST build/make no SRC option
Modular Programming ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Basic C Program Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Back to C Basics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Variables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],not standard C – an 8051 extension must go HERE!
Variables ,[object Object],signed char  (8 bits) –128 to +127 signed short (16 bits) –32768 to +32767 signed int  (16 bits) –32768 to +32767 signed long  (32 bits) –2147483648 to +2147483648  unsigned char  (8 bits) 0 to + 255 unsigned short (16 bits) 0 to + 65535 unsigned int  (16 bits) 0 to + 65535 unsigned long  (32 bits) 0 to + 4294967295  NOTE:  Default is signed – it is best to specify .
Statements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Operators ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example – Adder program  (add 2 16-bit numbers) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The C version The assembly version
Compilation Process (Keil) adder.c adder.OBJ adder.M51 compile adder.SRC build/make Use the #pragma CODE compiler directive to get assembly code generated in SRC file. Map file shows where variables are stored. One map file is generated per project. Symbol Table in M51 file: ------  DO  D:0008H  SYMBOL  x D:000AH  SYMBOL  y D:000CH  SYMBOL  z -------  ENDDO  look here in RAM when debugging assemble
adder.SRC   x?040:  DS  2 y?041:  DS  2 z?042:  DS  2 main: ; SOURCE LINE # 12 ; int x, y, z; ;  WDTCN = 0xde; // disable watchdog timer ; SOURCE LINE # 14 MOV  WDTCN,#0DEH ;  WDTCN = 0xad; ; SOURCE LINE # 15 MOV  WDTCN,#0ADH  ;  z = x + y; ; SOURCE LINE # 17 MOV  A,x?040+01H ADD  A,y?041+01H MOV  z?042+01H,A MOV  A,x?040 ADDC  A,y?041 MOV  z?042,A ;  } ; SOURCE LINE # 18 RET  ; END OF main END
Bitwise Logic Instructions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],& | ^ << >> ~ n = n & 0xF0; n = n & (0xFF << 4) n = n & ~(0xFF >> 4) Examples:
Example – Logic in Assembly and C ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Loop Statements - While ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Loop Statements - For ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example: for loop ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Loops: do - while ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Decision – if statement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Decision – switch statement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example: switch  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Need a statement like “return” or “break” or execution falls through to the next case (unlike VHDL)
C Extensions: Additional Keywords Specify where variables go in memory For accessing SFRs
Accessing Specific Memory
C Access to 8051 Memory code:  program memory accessed by movc @a + dptr data idata bdata xdata
C Extensions for 8051 (Cygnal) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
C Data Types With Extensions
Declaring Variables in Memory char data temp; char idata varx; int xdata array[100]; char code text[] = “Enter data”;
Example: Accessing External Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Interrupts – Original 8051 void timer0 (void) interrupt 1  { if (++interruptcnt == 4000)  /* count to 4000 */ {  second++;  /* second counter */ interruptcnt = 0;  /* clear int counter */ } } Specify register bank 2
In-line Assembly ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Compilation Process (Keil) program.c program.OBJ program.M51 compile program.LST build/make program.SRC .OBJ or .SRC can be generated, not both program.OBJ rename file program.asm assemble build/make no SRC option with SRC option Must use this path for C programs with in-line assembly It is also necessary to add  #pragma SRC  to code
Case study :: Temperature Display ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
THANK YOU

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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 4&5

  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. Compilation Process (Keil) program.c program.OBJ program.M51 compile program.LST build/make no SRC option
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. Compilation Process (Keil) adder.c adder.OBJ adder.M51 compile adder.SRC build/make Use the #pragma CODE compiler directive to get assembly code generated in SRC file. Map file shows where variables are stored. One map file is generated per project. Symbol Table in M51 file: ------ DO D:0008H SYMBOL x D:000AH SYMBOL y D:000CH SYMBOL z ------- ENDDO look here in RAM when debugging assemble
  • 15. adder.SRC x?040: DS 2 y?041: DS 2 z?042: DS 2 main: ; SOURCE LINE # 12 ; int x, y, z; ; WDTCN = 0xde; // disable watchdog timer ; SOURCE LINE # 14 MOV WDTCN,#0DEH ; WDTCN = 0xad; ; SOURCE LINE # 15 MOV WDTCN,#0ADH ; z = x + y; ; SOURCE LINE # 17 MOV A,x?040+01H ADD A,y?041+01H MOV z?042+01H,A MOV A,x?040 ADDC A,y?041 MOV z?042,A ; } ; SOURCE LINE # 18 RET ; END OF main END
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25. C Extensions: Additional Keywords Specify where variables go in memory For accessing SFRs
  • 27. C Access to 8051 Memory code: program memory accessed by movc @a + dptr data idata bdata xdata
  • 28.
  • 29. C Data Types With Extensions
  • 30. Declaring Variables in Memory char data temp; char idata varx; int xdata array[100]; char code text[] = “Enter data”;
  • 31.
  • 32. Interrupts – Original 8051 void timer0 (void) interrupt 1 { if (++interruptcnt == 4000) /* count to 4000 */ { second++; /* second counter */ interruptcnt = 0; /* clear int counter */ } } Specify register bank 2
  • 33.
  • 34. Compilation Process (Keil) program.c program.OBJ program.M51 compile program.LST build/make program.SRC .OBJ or .SRC can be generated, not both program.OBJ rename file program.asm assemble build/make no SRC option with SRC option Must use this path for C programs with in-line assembly It is also necessary to add #pragma SRC to code
  • 35.