What is Stem Cell ?
History of Stem Cells ?
Stages of Embryogenesis
Blastocyst Diagram
Three types of stem cells
Differentiation of ESC
Adult Stem Cells
Bone Marrow
Umbilical cord stem cells
Factors known to affect stem cells
Niche cells activates Stem cells
Regenerative Medicine : Indian Scenario
Sambalpur Call Girls đ 6297143586 đ Genuine WhatsApp Number for Real Meet
Â
What is Stem Cells ? | Stem Cell Applications
1.
2. ď Gold medalist in medicine
ď Has felicitated by national and International
awards for the outstanding work in the field of
Regenerative Medicine
ď Recently felicitated by Ohio State University
and was invited for the advanced training in organ
development at US
ď He has several research and scientific
publications on his name
ď A well transplant surgeon in the field of
regenerative medicine, treated more than 2000
patients with cellular medicine
ď Has represented several National and
International conference as a chief guest & chief
Achievements
3. ⢠Introduction of Stem cells as the building blocks
⢠Stem cells â types
⢠Practical Experience
⢠Future - Drug Discovery in a dish
- Organ Shop- fiction or reality?
- Organ Development â 3D printing technology
- Organ Development â Minimal Invasive Technique
- Silicon chip technology
⢠A paradigm shift from traditional medicine to cellular medicine â New
dimensions
⢠Revamping of complete Regenerative Medicine
4. 1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human embryos
1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making cells from cadavers
2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research
2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International creates $20 million
fund-raising effort to support stem-cell research
2002 - California ok stem cell research
2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos using private funding
2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells
Stem Cell HistoryStem Cell History
5. Stem Cell â Definition
A cell that has the ability to
continuously divide and differentiate
(develop) into various other kind(s)
of cells/tissues
9. ďEmbryonic Stem Cells (ESC): received from:
ďEmbryos created in vitro fertilization
ďAborted embryos
ďAdult Stem Cells (ASC): can be received from:
ďLimited tissues (bone marrow, muscle, brain)
ď Discrete populations of adult stem cells generate replacements for
cells that are lost through normal wear and tear, injury or disease.
⢠IPSCâs reprogrammed cells
10. This cell
Can form the
Embryo and placenta
This cell
Can just form the
embryo
Fully mature
11.
12. ⢠Skin
⢠Fat Cells
⢠Bone marrow
⢠Brain
⢠Many other organs
& tissues
Adult Stem Cells
An undifferentiated cells found
among specialized or differentiated
cells in a tissue or organ after birth
13.
14. Bone Marrow
ďFound in spongy bone where blood cells form
ďUsed to replace damaged or destroyed bone marrow with
healthy bone marrow stem cells.
ďtreat patients diagnosed with leukemia, aplastic anemia,
and lymphomas
ďNeed a greater histological immunocompatibility
15. Umbilical cord stem cells
ďAlso Known as Whartonâs Jelly
ďAdult stem cells of infant origin
ďLess invasive than bone marrow
ďGreater compatibility
ďLess expensive
16. Factors known to affect stem cells
ďLow stress levels
ďRegular exercise
ďEnriching experiences
ďLearning new information
ďHealthy diets: rich in antioxidants
ďAvoid excessive drinking
17. Dynamic world ; Communication and information
Inside our body their is a microscopic world busy and complex like the world
around us. This world is maintained by stem cells
18. Signals to Stem Cells
Other Cells
Matrix Molecules
Self-Renewal
Soluble Factors
Differentiation
Little, et al. Chemical Reviews (2008).
19. Health Crisis :
ď Escalating Cost
Research
Longevity of life
ď Limitations in treatments
Auto Immune disease
Organ Failures
Genetic disease
Cancer
Degenerative / Development / Congenital
20. INDIA SPENDS US $ 22.7 BILLION ON HEALTHCARE
5.2% of GDP
Total
Healthcare
Pharma Healthcare
delivery
21. THAILAND INDIA
Heart Surgery
Auto Immune Disease
Organ Failure
Knee Replacement
Cosmetic Surgery
7,500
-------
-------
8,000
3,500
6,000
26,000
69,000
6,000
2,000
40,000
2,50,000
3,00,000
20,000
20,000
UK
23,000
1,50,000
2,00,000
12,000
10,000
Global Cost
COST (US$)PROCEDURE
US
22. Innovations are requiredâŚ
new treatment therapies are requiredâŚâŚâŚ..
âWe canât solve the problem by using the same kind of
thinking we used when we created themâ
- Albert Einstein
Regenerative Medicine
25. ď Injection in organs directly.
ď Transplantation of differentiated cells (in vitro) in organs.
ď Injections in circulation.
ď Endogenous cells mobilations by repair cytokines , endogenous, growth
hormones and growth factors
ď Heart & brain Very Slow Proliferation
ď Skin & Liver Fast Proliferation
ď Cellular genetic and nano molecular therapies
ď Tissue engineering in vitro and in vivo
26. Autologous Cellular Therapy forâŚ
Skin burns, skin wounds, ulcersâŚ
Elephantiasis
Orthopedic conditions ( AVN, Arthritis, Bony Fractures and many more)
Diabetes Mellitus and other Autoimmune Conditions
COPD, OCD, Cardiac Ischemia
etcâŚ
37. 1 Orthopedic Conditions ( AVN, OA, Bony fractures, sport injuries)
2 Neuro degenerative and developmental
3 Autoimmune Conditions (MS,AS,RA,DB1, AA etc)
4 Skeleto Muscular (DMD,LGMD, BMD
5 Burns, venous ulcers and non healing wounds
6 Diabetic gangrene wounds
7 Cosmetics
8 Others (Liver Cirrohosis, Elephantiasis, COPD, OCD, ED etc)
38.
39. âI have thought a lot about stem cells , and I am sure that
when the historians will look back at the 20th
centuryâŚthe
greatest scientific achievement will not be from the field of
space technology or computer technology but will be from the
tissue engineering and genetic medicine.â
-Michael Goulian
-ABC Scientific News Reporter,
29-9-1999.
40. It takesatornado to clear the
air
RegenerativeMedicine in the
Midst of the collapsing Health Care
asatropical storm
42. ďInvention of IPSCâs â Reprogramming of somatic skin
cells,
Embryonic Transcription factors : Oct4, Sox2, KLF4,
Cmyc
ďDeveloping all 220 types of cells.
â Its not a science fiction . Its stem cells research led to
never before in the history of medical science. Such a
gift received to humans â Stem Cells- which can
regenerate the cells ď to tissueď to the organsâ
43.
44.
45. ďMore than 2000 patients treated
ďOne of the leader in therapeutic applications of stem cells
ďFull equipped facility for sample processing, research and quality
control
ďTrained laboratory and clinical personnel
ďConducting PhD/ M.Sc courses in Stem cells in collaboration with
ITM
ď Currently working on several research projects covering mostly
clinical disorder in human being
49. âWe live in a time where the words impossible and unsolvable
are no longer part of scientific communityâs vocabulary. Each
day we move closer to trials that will not just minimize the
symptoms of diseases and injury but eliminates themâ
-Christopher Reeve
50. ďStem cells therapy & anti ageing center at 7 Hills hospital, Andheri,
Mumbai
ďStem cells therapy center at Rabale, Navi Mumbai
51.
52.
53. Dr.P V Mahajan at AICRACM
discussion with ex-President of India
smt. Pratibha patil
discussion with first Ayush cabinet minister
Shripad Naik
54. in Technical discussion with Luc
Montagnier (2008 Nobel laureate)
Dr. P V Mahajan at H3C
Conference
with Prof. K Chandan Sen, Executive
Director,Ohio State University
55. Union Minister Dr. JP Nadda in the conference
Dr. P V Mahajan at H3C
Conference
56.
57. Dr. P V Mahajan Invited by Ohio State University, USA
for Advanced Tissue Culture Training
with Wound healing specialist Dr.Scott
Scrape, Director, Transfusion Medicine,
Ohio State University
with Dr.Serber, Regenerative Medicine,
Ohio State University
58.
59.
60. â You carry your own repairing kits
in your bodyâ
Hinweis der Redaktion
Stem cells are different from other cells of the body in that they have the ability to differentiate into other cell/tissue types. This ability allows them to replace cells that have died. With this ability, they have been used to replace defective cells/tissues in patients who have certain diseases or defects.
The early stages of embryogenesis are the point at which embryonic stem cell lines are derived. The fertilized egg (day 1) undergoes cell division to form a 2-cell embryo, followed by 4-cell, etc. until a ball of cells is formed by the fourth day. The ball becomes hollow, forming the blastocyst. This is the stage at which pluripotent embryonic stem cell lines are generated. Following the blastocyst stage, the tissues of the embryo start to form and the cells become multipotent.
CLICK! This diagram will eventually show the entire range of development, from fertilized egg to mature cell types in the body.
Each cell in the 8-cell embryo, here in red, can generate every cell in the embryo as well as the placenta and extra-embryonic tissues. These cells are called CLICK! TOTIPOTENT stem cells. Why are they called totipotent? (wait for answers) Because one red cell can potentially make all necessary tissues for development. CLICK!
During In Vitro Fertilization, can parents choose whether their baby is going to be a boy or a girl? (wait) Yes, there is a widely-practiced procedure called pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, where one cell is removed from the 8-cell embryo and its DNA is examined. What might you look for when trying to identify the embryoâs sex? (wait) If thereâs an X and Y chromosome itâs a boy and if there are two Xâs itâs a girl. The parents can decide whether to implant it. Also parents with a genetic disease might want to see if their baby has any identifiable genetic disorders and decide whether to implant based on this information. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis doesnât destroy the embryo. Scientists are attempting to adapt this pre-implantation genetic diagnosis procedure and use it to create a stem cell line from one single TOTIPOTENT cell, without destroying the embryo.
The embryonic stem cells inside the blastocyst, here in purple, can generate every cell in the body except placenta and extra-embryonic tissues. These are called CLICK! PLURIPOTENT stem cellsâŚwhy? (wait for answers) Because they can differentiate into all the 200+ cell types in the body, but they do not form the placenta. CLICK! Pluripotent stem cells can be isolated and grown in culture, or left to develop into more specialized cells in the body.
CLICK! Adult stem cells or tissue-specific stem cells have restricted lineages. Adult stem cells show up when the three distinct layers form in the 14-day-old embryo, and are present in the fetus, baby, child, and so forth. Adult just means theyâve gone further down their lineage pathway than the initial stem cells in the embryo. They are called CLICK! MULTIPOTENT stem cells because they will only become mature cells from the tissue in which they reside. Adult stem cells are present throughout your life and replace fully mature CLICK!, yet damaged and dying cells.
So to review (if time): TOTIPOTENT stem cells come from embryos that are less than 3 days old. These cells can make the TOTAL human being because they can form the placenta and all other tissues. PLURIPOTENT stem cells come from embryos that are 5-14 days old. Embryos and fetuses that are older than 14 days DO NOT contain pluripotent cells. These cells can form every cell type in the body but not the placenta. MULTIPOTENT stem cells are also called adult stem cells and these appear in the 14 day old embryo and beyond. At this point these stem cells will continue down certain lineages and CANNOT naturally turn back into pluripotent cells or switch lineages.
1990s that scientists agreed that the adult brain does contain stem cells that are able to generate the brain's three major cell typesâastrocytes and oligodendrocytes, which are non-neuronal cells, and neurons, or nerve cells.
A. Where are adult stem cells found, and what do they normally do?
Adult stem cells have been identified in many organs and tissues, including brain, bone marrow, peripheral blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, skin, teeth, heart, gut, liver, ovarian epithelium, and testis. They are thought to reside in a specific area of each tissue (called a "stem cell niche"). In many tissues, current evidence suggests that some types of stem cells are pericytes, cells that compose the outermost layer of small blood vessels. Stem cells may remain quiescent (non-dividing) for long periods of time until they are activated by a normal need for more cells to maintain tissues, or by disease or tissue injury.
Typically, there is a very small number of stem cells in each tissue, and once removed from the body, their capacity to divide is limited, making generation of large quantities of stem cells difficult. Scientists in many laboratories are trying to find better ways to grow large quantities of adult stem cells in cell culture and to manipulate them to generate specific cell types so they can be used to treat injury or disease. Some examples of potential treatments include regenerating bone using cells derived from bone marrow stroma, developing insulin-producing cells for type 1 diabetes, and repairing damaged heart muscle following a heart attack with cardiac muscle cells.
B. What tests are used for identifying adult stem cells?
Scientists often use one or more of the following methods to identify adult stem cells: (1) label the cells in a living tissue with molecular markers and then determine the specialized cell types they generate; (2) remove the cells from a living animal, label them in cell culture, and transplant them back into another animal to determine whether the cells replace (or "repopulate") their tissue of origin.
Importantly, it must be demonstrated that a single adult stem cell can generate a line of genetically identical cells that then gives rise to all the appropriate differentiated cell types of the tissue. To confirm experimentally that a putative adult stem cell is indeed a stem cell, scientists tend to show either that the cell can give rise to these genetically identical cells in culture, and/or that a purified population of these candidate stem cells can repopulate or reform the tissue after transplant into an animal.
So if growth factors and hormones affect stem cell functions, then our lifestylesâŚ. our experiences and behaviorsâŚ. are also likely to influence homeostatic stem-cell related processesâfor example, regular cell turnover in blood and skin, wound healing throughout the body, and even our sensory and cognitive abilities when it comes to adult stem cells in the brain.
So not surprisingly, what is good for your body (point to bullets) is good for your stem cellsâŚ. and so, whatâs good for your stem cells is also good for your body. Why? Because the regulation of stem cells not only plays a really important role in various disease states but also these proliferative cells actively participate in maintaining our overall health. If youâre good to your stem cells, theyâll be good to you.
(This is a single mouse embryonic stem cell on silicon nanotubes.)
Cells stick and respond to molecules embedded in their extracellular environment (top left). They also respond to chemicals or molecules floating around in the liquid surrounding them (middle left). Cells can feel and communicate with each other (bottom left), and also can respond to forces. How might an embryonic stem cell respond if it touches a bunch of muscle cells? (wait for answers) It might differentiate into a muscle fiber. How do you think that same stem cell would respond to culture with a bunch of neurons? (wait) Itâll turn into a neuron.
Here, this stem cell is going to make a decision to self-renew or differentiate based on the individual components and combinations of these factors in the extracellular environment.