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పౌలు ఎలా
ఉంటాడో
మనకు
తెలవదు గాని
ఆయన
సాధించిన
బార్యన్యాబస్యాతో కలసి పౌలు సాగించి న
మిషనర్యీ పర్య్యాయాణము
Act 13:2Act 13:2
వార్యువార్యు
పర్య్యాభువునుపర్య్యాభువును
సేవించుచుసేవించుచు
ఉపవాసముఉపవాసము
చేయుచుండచేయుచుండ
గాగా
పర్యిశుదాధ్యాత్యాపర్యిశుదాధ్యాత్యా
మమ -- నేనునేను
బర్యన్యాబానుబర్యన్యాబాను
సౌలునుసౌలును
పిలిచినపిలిచిన
So these two (Barnabas and Paul) ....
went down (from Syrian Antioch [1]) to Seleucia [2] and from there
sailed off to Cyprus.
On their arrival at Salamis [3] they began to proclaim God's
message in the Jewish synagogues, having John (Mark) as their
assistant.
1. Main port
2. Commercial
center
3. Gymnasium
4. Public baths
5. A large theater
6. Temple dedicated to
Zeus.
7. Largest agora
(marketplace) of all
the colonies within
the Roman Empire.
సెలూకియ (Salamis)
V4
4 కాబటిట్యా వీర్యు
పర్యిశుదాధ్యాతమ్యాచేత
పంపబడినవార్యెై సెలూకయకు
వచిచ్యా అకక్యాడనుండి
ఓడయెకిక్యా కుపర్య్యాకు
వెళ్లిల్యార్యి. 5 వార్యు సలమీలో
ఉండగా యూదుల
సమాజమందిర్యములలో
దేవుని వాకయ్యాము
పర్య్యాచుర్యించుచుండిర్యి.
యోహాను వార్యికి
ఉపచార్యము చేయువాడెై
యుండెను. 6 వార్యు ఆ
దీవ్యాపమందంతట సంచర్యించి
పాఫు
బర్య్యా‌ యేసు =గార్యడీవాడును
అబదధ్యా పర్య్యావకత్యా
ఎలుమ=గార్యడీవాడని
అర్యథ్యాము
సెర్యిగ్యా పౌలు
Paphos was the worship center
for the goddess Aphrodite
(Venus), the Greek goddess of
love, beauty, and fertility.
According to a legend
Aphrodite was born from the
foam of the sea, and she
floated in a shell on the waves,
and landed on Cyprus near
Paphos. Every year people
came from all over the
Mediterranean world to visit
her temple.
When they left the city of Paphos,
Paul and his companions set sail for Asia [5]
(modern Turkey).
Asia is a massive 3000-5000 foot plateau with high mountain ranges all around it. The
area is somewhat arid with a few natural resources, therefore the land was used mainly
for grazing and grain. The mountains are a great source of resources, lots of timber, and
wealthy deposits of gold, silver, and copper, lead, iron, zinc, and marble. There is
fruitful rainfall along the coast producing grapes and olives which were common
around the Mediterranean.
The main trade route in Asia minor during the first century CE went
from Ephesus to Antioch of Pisidia and then split north to the Euphrates
and south to Tarsus and down into Syria.
తర్యువాత పౌలును
అతనితోకూడ
ఉనన్యావార్యును ఓడ
యెకిక్యా
పాఫునుండి
బయలుదేర్యి
పంఫూలియాలోనున్యా
న పెర్యేగ్యాకు
వచిచ్యార్యి. అచచ్యాట
యోహాను వార్యిని
విడిచిపెటిట్యా
అపుప్యాడు వార్యు
పెర్యేగ్యా నుండి
బయలుదేర్యి
పిసిదియలోనునన్యా
అంతియొకయకు
వచిచ్యా
విశార్య్యాంతిదినమందు
సమాజమందిర్యములో
నికి వెళ్లిల్యా
కూర్యుచ్యాండిర్యి.(Acts 13 :14).
There they began
Then they entered a
synagogue in Pisidia on the
Sabbath day and sat down.
Paul stood up and proceeded
to preach to them the history
of redemption from Abraham
to Jesus.
Many believed and urged him
to speak on the next Sabbath.
During the week so much
interest was stirred up that on
the Sabbath
"nearly the whole city
assembled to hear the word of
God."
Filled with envy because of the
desire of the Gentiles to hear,
the Jews
"began contradicting the things
spoken by Paul, and were
blaspheming,"
so Paul said,
"We turn to the gentiles...",
and the apostles boldly proclaimed
salvation to the gentiles.
Jewish opposition increased, and
the apostles left Antioch
(Acts 13:42-51).
As a result of their witness,
"the word of the Lord spread
throughout all the whole region"
(Acts 13:49)
ఈకొనియ
• Jews and
Greeks believed
• Disobedient
Jews stimulated
the anger of the
gentiles
Iconium (the city of
icons) was located in the
central plateau region at
the foot of the Taurus
Mountains,
a five to six thousand
foot mountain range.
Iconium had a good
water supply and was
well situated for defense.
Iconium was like a
garden in that arid region,
and had been called
"the Damascus of Asia."
లుస్త్రΨ్
• బలహీన
పాదములుగల
యొకడుండెను
• బలి
అరΨిప్ంపవలెనని
యుండెను
• పౌలుమీద రΨాళ్లుల్
రΨువి్్వ అతడు
చనిపోయెనని
11 జనస్మూహ ములు
పౌలు చేస్ినదాని చూచి,
లుకయోనియ భాషలో
--దేవతలు
మనుషయ్రΨూపము తాలిచ్
మనయొదద్కు దిగి వచిచ్
యునాన్రΨని కేకలువేస్ి,
12 బరΨన్బాకు దుయ్పతి
అనియు, పౌలు
ముఖ్య్పరΨ్స్ంగి
యెైనందున అతనికి
హెరΨేమ్ అనియు
పేరΨుపెట్ిట్్రΨి. 13
పట్ట్్ణమునకు ఎదురΨుగా
ఉనన్ దుయ్పతి యొకక్
పూజారΨి యెడల్ను
అంతియొకయనుండి
యు
ఈకొనియనుండియు
యూదులు వచిచ్,
జనస్మూహములను తమ
పకష్ముగా చేస్ికొని,
పౌలుమీద రΨాళ్లుల్
రΨువి్్వ అతడు
చనిపోయెనని
అనుకొని పట్ట్్ణము
వెలుపలికి అతనిని
ఈడిచ్రΨి
Paul’s
Second Missionary Journey
Acts 15-18
Second Missionary Journey
• Antioch
• Derbe  Lystra
• Troas
• Philippi
• Thessalonica
• Beroea
• Athens
• Corinth
స్హోదరΨులయొదద్కు తిరΨిగి
వెళ్లిల్, వారΨేలాగునాన్రΨో మనము
చూతమని పౌలు బరΨన్బాతో
అనెను. 37 అపుప్డు మారΨుక్
అనుమారΨు పేరΨుగల యోహానును
వెంట్బెట్ుట్్కొని పోవుట్కు
బరΨన్బా యిషట్్పడెను. 38
అయితే పౌలు, పంఫూలియలో
పనికొరΨకు తమతోకూడ రΨాక
తముమ్ను విడిచిన వానిని
వెంట్బెట్ుట్్కొని పోవుట్
యుకత్ము కాదని తలంచెను. 39
వారΨిలో తీవరΨ్మెైన వాదము
కలిగినందున వారΨు ఒకనిని ఒకడు
విడిచి వేరΨెైపోయిరΨి. బరΨన్బా
మారΨుక్ను వెంట్బెట్ుట్్కొని
ఓడ ఎకిక్ కుపరΨ్కు వెళ్లెల్ను; 40
పౌలు స్ీలను ఏరΨప్రΨచుకొని,
స్హోదరΨులచేత పరΨ్భువు కృపకు
CYPRUS
Antioch
Split with Barnabas
“వారΨిలో తీవరΨ్మెైన వాదము
కలిగినందున వారΨు ఒకనిని ఒకడు
విడిచి వేరΨెైపోయిరΨి. బరΨన్బా
మారΨుక్ను వెంట్బెట్ుట్్కొని
ఓడ ఎకిక్ కుపరΨ్కు వెళ్లెల్ను; 40
పౌలు స్ీలను ఏరΨప్రΨచుకొని,
స్హోదరΨులచేత పరΨ్భువు కృపకు
అపప్గింపబడినవాడెై
బయలుదేరΨి, 41 స్ంఘ ములను
Derbe
and
Lystra
Joined by
Timothy
CYPRUS
Derbe and Lystra
తిమోతి తనతోకూడ
బయలుదేరΨి రΨావలెనని
పౌలుకోరΨి….
(Acts 16:3)
Through Asia Minor to Troas
CYPRUS
Troas
The “Macedonian Call”
“అపుప్డు మాస్ిదోనియ
దేశస్ుథ్డొకడు నిలిచినీవు
మాస్ిదోనియకు వచిచ్ మాకు
స్హాయము చేయుమని తనను
వేడుకొనుచునన్ట్ుట్్
రΨాతిరΨ్వేళ్ల పౌలునకు
దరΨశ్నము కలిగెను.’” (Acts
16:9)
Philippi
Paul’s First
Church in
Europe
CYPRUS
Harbor of Neapolis
Philippi
మాసిదోన
ిియ
దేశములో
ఆ
ప్రార్రాంతము
నకు అది
ముఖ్య్రాప్రట్ట్్రా
ణమును
రోమీయు
ల
Philippi
Forum and Christian Basilica
Philippi
•Conversion of Lydia.
•Exorcism of slave-girl.
•Conversion of jailer.
Thessalonica
Recipient of
Paul’s Earliest
LetterCYPRUS
Thessalonica
Arch of Galerius
Capital of
Macedonia
(305-
Galerius
made it
capital of
Eastern
Empire)
Thessalonica
• Preached 3 weeks in synagogue.
• Forced out by Jewish opposition.
• Soon sent earliest preserved
letter.
Beroea
• Well received in
synagogue.
• Forced out by
opposition.
• Abandons
Egnatian Way.
CYPRUS
Athens
Center of
Classical
Greek
Culture
CYPRUS
Athens
The Acropolis
Athens
Aerial View of Acropolis
Athens
Parthenon“ఆ
ప్రట్ట్్రాణము
విగ్ర్రాహముల
తో
నిండియుం
డుట్
చూచినందున
అతని ఆతమ్రా
ప్రరితాప్రము
Corinth
• Strategically
located
• Transportation
center
• Commercial/
industrial city
• 18-month stay
dominates Second
Journey
CYPRUS
Corinth
Strategic Transportation and Commercial Center
Diolkos
Ships and
cargo were
hauled across
the isthmus
over this
stone-paved
sledway.
Corinth
Modern Canal
• Begun by Nero in 67
with Jewish POW labor.
• Completed by French in
1881-93.
Corinth: Road from Port,
Forum, and Acrocorinth
“I came to
Corinth in
weakness
and in fear
and in much
trembling.”
(1 Cor. 2:3)
Corinth
Temple of Apollo
Cosmopolitan
Syncretistic
Notoriously
immoral
Corinth
Votive Offerings to Asklepios
Many
cultures

religions
pluralism
Corinth
• Worked as tentmaker with Aquila and
Priscilla.
• Preached in synagogue until forced out.
• Stayed 18 months.
• Wrote 1 Thessalonians.
• Appeared before proconsul Gallio (51-
52).
Return to
Antioch
• Left Aquila and
Priscilla in Ephesus.
• Promised to return.
• Greeted Jerusalem
Church.
• After some time in
Antioch, started out
again.
CYPRUS
The Third Missionary Journey
18:23- 21:16
Directory of the Cities
•Ephesus – (Acts 19:1)
– Historical: In 133 B.C. Ephesus was conquered by Rome, and
plunged into a century of civil war. However, Ephesus grew and
prospered to a population of nearly half a million in the first
century A.D., and is located on a major Roman trade route
(Unger, 366).
– Spiritual: For three years, Paul remained in Ephesus, teaching
in homes and working miracles and healing. One of the largest
mass of conversions came when seven men attempted to drive out
evil spirits in the name of Jesus and Paul, but the demons
attacked them instead (Acts 19:16). A man named Demetrius was
Paul’s greatest adversary in Ephesus, speaking out against him,
and stirring up a riot, after which, Paul left (Halley, 747).
•Miletus – (Acts 20:15)
– Spiritual: Miletus bears significance due
to Paul’s farewell meeting with the
Ephesian elders in Acts 20:17-38. This may
have been the last time Paul met with them,
and he encouraged them to become the
center of Christianity in the Roman world
(Halley, 751).
The Companions of Paul
•Timothy accompanies Paul at the beginning
of his third journey, along with Sopater,
Aristarchus and Secundus, Gaius, and
Tychius and Trophimus. (Acts 20:4)
•Paul and Timothy parted company briefly in
Acts 20:22 when he sends Timothy and
another companion named Erastus to
Macedonia.
Paul the Prisoner
Acts 21:17-20 – Paul Arrives
in Jerusalem
Acts 21:27-28, 33 – Paul
Arrested
Paul’s Final Journey
•(Acts 28:1-10)
•Upon reaching Rome, Paul was treated with
respect and allowed to live under house
arrest. Here, Paul met with the Jewish
leaders of Rome, and won the favor of many.
He lived in Rome for about two years in his
own home, and many people visited him and
were blessed. Ultimately Paul was acquitted
in 61 or 62 A.D. (Halley, 759).
పౌలు రెండు సంవత్స్సరములు పూరిత్్సగా త్న
అద్దెద్ద్స యింట కాపురముండి, త్నయొద్దద్ద్సకు
వచ్చుచ్చ్సవారినంద్దరిని సనామ్సనించ్చి 31 ఏ
ఆటంకమును లేక పూరణ్స ధెైరయ్సముత్ో
ద్దేవుని రాజ్య్సమునుగూరిచ్చ్స పర్సకటించ్చుచ్చు,
పర్సభువెైన యేసు కీర్ససుత్్సనుగూరిచ్చ్సన సంగత్ులు
బోధించ్చుచ్చు ఉండెను.
Acts 28:30-31

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Pauls missionary journeys

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. Paul’s short sail from Troas to this harbor on the coast of Macedonia in northern Greece marked a major new development in his missionary travels and in the direction that the Christian movement was to take in the years to follow.According to Acts 16:9, at Troas Paul had a night vision of a man from Macedonia calling to him to come over and help his people. The very next verse begins one of several sections of Acts written in the first person plural; scholars have speculated that Luke, the author of Luke—Acts, may be drawing upon his own travel diary in these sections, and that he may be the “man from Macedonia” who was responsible for convincing Paul to board ship at Troas to travel westward. When Paul did so, he entered a crucial new phase in his missionary activity. From this point on he devoted his energies to planting the seed of his new gospel on purely Gentile soil and to founding churches with predominantly Gentile membership. And from here on he acted without permission from the church at Antioch or the apostles in Jerusalem; he was now an ambassador for Christ without portfolio from any human authority (see Galatians 1:1).Kavalla is the modern name of this harbor city of ancient Neapolis, where Paul first set foot in Macedonia (Acts 16:11). The small natural harbor has made this an attractive seaport since the Classical Age. The fortifications on the hill in the background at right have guarded the harbor during most periods of its use. The Greek flag now flies at the top of the hill above a citadel with towers and crenellated walls dating from the Byzantine age.(The smaller fishing boats in the foreground have fights for attracting fish at night. Nets are draped from the masts of the boats farther along the harborfront.)The Biblical World in Pictures;BAS Biblical World in Pictures. 2002;2002. Biblical Archaeology Society
  2. Paul immediately headed for Philippi, described in Acts 16:12 as “the leading city of the district of Macedonia, and a Roman colony.” In doing so, he was following the same pattern he and Barnabas had set during their first missionary journey, concentrating his time and energies on the main city of a region.Archaeological excavations have confirmed that here at Philippi, where only a small town had existed in earlier periods, the Romans created a major administrative center. The reason for the site’s importance was that, at this point, the Romans’ main east-west highway, the Via Egnatia, was constricted between the hill of the earlier settlement on the right of this aerial view and an adjacent marsh to the left. Indeed, the present road, seen here, has no choice at this point but to follow the same line as the ancient Roman highway. Doing so, it cuts directly through the middle of the modern excavations. To the right of the road in the foreground can be seen the theater and a large later Christian church. To the left of the road is the Roman-period forum and another major church; these two features are shown in NT126: Philippi, Forum and Christian Basilica.The Biblical World in Pictures;BAS Biblical World in Pictures. 2002;2002. Biblical Archaeology Society
  3. This view is across the Roman forum to the remains of a 6th-century C.E. basilica church, one of three large churches uncovered at the site. These churches provide visible reminders of the Christian congregation that Paul founded at Philippi and to which he later wrote the warmest of his letters preserved in the New Testament. Looking from the forum to the church we also are reminded of the growing confrontation with the Roman authorities that Paul’s missionary activity was to generate on this second journey. According to Acts 16:16–24, Paul was dragged before the Roman magistrates in Philippi by the owners of a slave girl he had converted. It was perhaps in this forum that Paul and Silas were flogged before being thrown into prison by Roman judges who cared little about Paul’s religion, but who dealt harshly with anyone they regarded as a disturber of the peace.The Biblical World in Pictures;BAS Biblical World in Pictures. 2002;2002. Biblical Archaeology Society
  4. After leaving Philippi, Paul now headed straight for Thessalonnica, the capital city of the Roman province of Macedonia (Acts 17:1–9). (The city’s name was shortened to Salonika in the Middle Ages; the modern Greek city over its ruins is named Thessaloniki.)Thessalonica stood at a major crossroads of the empire. Its strategic position is symbolized by this arch, erected after the Emperor Galerius made the city his capital for the eastern half of the empire in 305 C.E. The arch straddled the Egnatian Way at its midpoint. (The main east-west street of modern Thessaloniki that passes next to this arch is still called the Odos Egnatia, although some scholars now think that recently discovered Roman milestones indicate the ancient road passed somewhat north of this spot.)West from here (symbolically, if not exactly) the road led to the Adriatic Sea and on to Rome; to the east the road led to Byzantium and on to Asia. North from Thessaloniki a major pass leads through the mountains to the regions of the Danube; its route is still marked by a modern auto road and railway line, which fink northern Greece to Yugoslavia and to Europe beyond. To the south, from the harbor only a few hundred feet away from the Arch of Galerius, ships continue to carry goods between those northern regions and ports wound the Mediterranean. As it appears today, so was Thessalonica in Roman times, a bustling cosmopolitan center. The Greek geographer Strabo, writing a century before Paul, described the city as “populous, easy-going, open to everything new—good or bad.”The remains of Galerius’s Arch seen here constitute only one portion of a tetrapylon, four great connected arches thrown over the intersecting roadways, along with one of the two smaller arches for pedestrians that once flanked the central span on either side. The friezes decorating this central arch celebrate Galerius’s victories and show the emperor making a sacrifice of thanksgiving to Zeus.According to the pattern established in his first missionary journey, Paul went directly to the synagogue of the Jewish community in Thessalonica and began to proclaim his new gospel, thus giving the Jews of the city the first opportunity to accept Jesus as Messiah. However, as had been happening in the other cities Paul had already visited, more Gentiles than Jews responded to Paul’s message, and this in turn alienated many of the Jews (Acts 17:4).Most probably, Paul would have liked to stay in this strategic city for a while in order to be certain that a strong and enduring church was founded, which could then continue to witness to the many travelers who passed through here every day. After only three weeks, however, some of Paul’s new converts were hauled before the Roman authorities, this time by a mob raised by Jewish leaders who charged that “these men who have turned the world upside down” were acting against Caesar’s decrees and were putting Jesus forward as a new king (Acts 17:6–9). Paul was again forced to leave town.The Biblical World in Pictures;BAS Biblical World in Pictures. 2002;2002. Biblical Archaeology Society
  5. Paul certainly would have climbed at least once to the Acropolis (literally the “high city) of Athens to view the crowded buildings on its summit.In the upper center of this photo (taken from the west), we see the Acropolis, topped by its Classical monuments, rising some 300 feet from the surrounding Attic plain. In the foreground, the lesser hill of the Pnyx is accented by the silver dome of a modern observatory. Directly above the dome can be seen a small gray knob of bedrock the Athenians called the Areopagus, “hill of Ares” (see NT137: Athens, Areopagus). The agora lies to the left of the photo.The steep sides of the Acropolis are bedrock outcroppings that provided defensive protection for the earliest inhabitants of Athens. In the 14th century B.C.E. thick stone walls had turned the rock into a formidable citadel on which the Mycenaean king of Athens built his palace. The hill remained a royal fortress until the end of the 6th century B.C.E. when, with the expulsion of the last of the tyrants and the establishment of democracy, this became the public shrine area of the city, devoted exclusively to temples, altars and cult buildings of the Greek gods, particularly Athena, the patron goddess of Athens.NT135: Athens, Aerial View of Acropolis will provide a closer view of the Acropolis buildings from the air and from the opposite side.The Biblical World in Pictures;BAS Biblical World in Pictures. 2002;2002. Biblical Archaeology Society
  6. This aerial view from the east shows the four ancient structures that remain on the Acropolis, all of them from the 5th century B.C.E. and all of them of gleaming white marble from nearby Mount Pentelli. The Parthenon, dominating the south (left) side of the summit, was the city’s foremost shrine to Athena. In the Erechtheum opposite it on the north (right) side, Athena was also worshipped, along with Poseidon and Zeus. At the far end of the hill can be seen the Propylaea, the ceremonial entranceway to the Acropolis. Just beyond to the left is still another temple to Athena, a small shrine to the goddess as Nike (Victory). The roof in the foreground is of the modern museum.Just beyond the Propylaea at the top of the photo is the bare gray hill of the Areopagus. The agora lies at the foot of the slope beyond it, off the upper right corner of the photo.The Biblical World in Pictures;BAS Biblical World in Pictures. 2002;2002. Biblical Archaeology Society
  7. The Parthenon has been the most impressive building on the Acropolis ever since its construction in the 5th century B.C.E. Built in only nine years, the temple provided a glorious replacement for the temple of Athena that had been recently destroyed by the Persians. It thus celebrated Athens’ success in driving the Persians out of Greece and its subsequent rise to power as head of the Delian League. Indeed, the temple’s construction was paid for with funds appropriated from Athens’ allies in the Delian League, which Athens sought to convert into an empire.Athens’ imperial pretensions crumbled less than a generation after the temple was built, however, and Paul no doubt saw the Parthenon as a monument to the vain pretensions of human kingdoms. He certainly reacted to the monumental ivory and gold statue of Athena inside this temple as he did to the many other images of gods he found crowded around him in Athens. To Paul they were blasphemous violations of God’s law and offensive symbols of false worship. In the sermon he delivered nearby at the Areopagus (see NT137: Athens, Areopagus), he told the Athenians, “The God who made the world and everything in it, being lord of heaven and earth, does not five in shrines made by man, … we ought not to think that the Deity is like gold, or silver, or stone, a representation by the art and imagination of man” (Acts 7:24–29).Several centuries after Paul, this temple to Athena the virgin goddess (Greek: parthenos) was to be transformed into a Christian church and eventually rededicated to Mary, the Virgin Mother of God.The Biblical World in Pictures;BAS Biblical World in Pictures. 2002;2002. Biblical Archaeology Society
  8. In Paul’s day a stone-paved sledway, called the Diolkos, was used to haul ships and their cargoes across the isthmus. At both ends of the road the pavement continued down beneath the waterline, allowing the shallow-draft ships to be floated onto and off of the sleds. The sleds were then pulled out of the water and across the isthmus by mule-power.This view of the Diolkos is near the western end, looking beyond to the Gulf of Corinth (and the mountains along its northern coast sheltering the oracle shrine of Apollo at Delphi). At the right can be seen the western outlet of the modern canal. The stone pavement of the Diolkos clearly shows the ruts formed by sled runners over centuries of use. Corinth, of course, controlled the Diolkos traffic. Moreover, since ship crews and passengers using this route had to leave their vessels temporarily at Corinth anyway, they had less reason to make an additional port-call at Athens’ harbor on the Piraeus. Thus, many more travelers of the Roman era passed through Corinth than through Athens.Paul quickly realized that at Corinth he could spread the Christian gospel faster by remaining stationary himself. The converts he made here would carry the Christian gospel with them to the far corners of the Mediterranean world. At Corinth, Paul also discovered that he could be in frequent and efficient communication with the churches he had already founded. It was apparently at Corinth that Paul began the letter-writing activity that was to become his greatest contribution to the Christian movement in the years to follow. The earliest of Paul’s letters preserved for us—and thus the oldest document in the New Testament—was written from here to the church he had founded in Thessalonica (1 Thessalonians).The Biblical World in Pictures;BAS Biblical World in Pictures. 2002;2002. Biblical Archaeology Society
  9. A fishing boat is seen here dwarfed by the massive, gradually tapered walls of the canal that now cuts through the isthmus of Corinth. No canal existed in Paul’s day, although the idea for one had emerged as early as the Greek Archaic age. Periander, who ruled Corinth at the end of the 7th century B.C.E., is given credit for first conceiving the plan for a canal here. Alexander the Great considered a canal, and the Emperor Nero revived the idea. In 67 C.E., 15 years after Paul came here, Nero arrived in Corinth to turn over a ceremonial spadeful of soil in a groundbreaking for a canal to be dug by 6,000 Jewish prisoners brought here from Judea by Vespasian after the outbreak of the Jewish Revolt. The project was abandoned, however, and a canal was finally completed by French engineers in 1881–93.The canal dramatizes, however, how narrow and low the land strip is that separates the western and eastern waters. At this point the isthmus is only four miles wide.The Biblical World in Pictures;BAS Biblical World in Pictures. 2002;2002. Biblical Archaeology Society
  10. The Romans had shown their appreciation of Corinth’s strategic position, first by destroying it in 146 B.C.E. when it posed a threat to Rome’s expansion eastward, and then by rebuilding the city in 44 B.C.E. and establishing it as capital of the Roman province of Achaia. In the present century, American excavators have been uncovering the center of the bustling city the Romans rebuilt. This is the view that would have greeted Paul as he arrived in Corinth. In the foreground we see the end of the Lechaion Road, the broad, marble-paved street that connected Corinth with its nearby port on the Corinthian Gulf. Shops and public buildings fine both sides of the processionway as it approaches the Roman forum just beyond the ceremonial stain to be seen at the end of the street. Against the sky in the background can be seen the hill of Acrocorinth. The walls now visible at its top date to the Byzantine and medieval periods, but this easily defensible height had provided protection for the city since its earliest settlement.A famous temple to Aphrodite had stood on the summit of Acrocorinth in the Classical Age, near the left end of the peak as seen here. It had fallen into ruins by Paul’s time, but successors to its 1,000 cult prostitutes continued to ply their profession in the city below. Many of them were no doubt housed in the lofts above the 33 wine shops uncovered in the modern excavations. Corinth was a city catering to sailors and traveling salesmen. Even by the Classical Age it had earned an unsavory reputation for its libertine atmosphere; to call someone “a Corinthian lass” was to impugn her morals. It may well be that one of Corinth’s attractions for Paul was precisely this reputation of immorality. Paul still had to convince some of the Apostle-leaders of the church in Jerusalem that Christian converts did not need to undergo circumcision and accept obedience to the laws of the Jewish Torah (see Galatians 2–3). If Paul could establish in this city a church composed of Christian Gentiles who could commend themselves to the Jerusalem leadership by their high moral standards without the imposed discipline of Torah observance, they would stand as living witness to his new convictions. This would explain the special fervor with which he later wrote back to the Christians at Corinth concerning lapses in their moral conduct that had been reported to him (see I Corinthians 5–6).The Biblical World in Pictures;BAS Biblical World in Pictures. 2002;2002. Biblical Archaeology Society
  11. The Temple of Apollo at Corinth was 700 years old by Paul’s time. On the hill directly overlooking the Roman city’s main forum, its sturdy Doric columns served as a dramatic reminder of Corinth’s ancient grandeur. But the temple was already in ruins; to Paul it would have served merely as a sermon illustration of the impotence of the Greeks’ “pagan” gods.The Biblical World in Pictures;BAS Biblical World in Pictures. 2002;2002. Biblical Archaeology Society
  12. Corinth contained a shrine to Asklepios, an ancient Greek who had been deified because of his legendary powers of heating. Crowded into this back room of the small museum at Corinth are hundreds of terra-cotta votive offerings presented to Asklepios at Corinth by pilgrims who sought a cure or who wanted to thank the god for a healing they attributed to him. Among these votives can be seen limbs, hands, feet, breasts and genitals. In a time-honored tradition, suppliants to the healing god had dedicated replicas of the particular parts of the body in which they were afflicted.The Asklepieion at Corinth was another feature that attracted visitors to the city. Paul may also have felt that its presence here provided him with a special opportunity to proclaim Christ as the one who brings true healing to the soul, rather than merely to the body.The Biblical World in Pictures;BAS Biblical World in Pictures. 2002;2002. Biblical Archaeology Society