TenMax Data Pipeline Experience Sharing
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This document summarizes TenMax's data pipeline experience over the years from 2015 to 2017. It describes three versions of the data pipeline used to generate reports from raw event data. Version 1 used MongoDB but had poor write performance. Version 2 used Cassandra and had better write performance using LSM trees, but was costly to operate. Version 3 uses Kafka, Fluentd, Azure Blob storage and Spark to provide a scalable, cost-effective solution that can handle high throughput and complex aggregations. The document also discusses lessons learned around balancing features, costs and technologies like Spark, streaming and serverless models.
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TenMax Data Pipeline Experience Sharing
- 1. 2 0 1 7 . 0 9 T e n M a x D a t a P i p e l i n e E x p e r i e n c e S h a r i n g P o p c o r n y ( 陸 振 恩 )
- 2. DataCon.TW2017 Who am I • 陸振恩 (a.k.a popcorny, Pop) • Director of Engineering @TenMax • 之前經歷 – 交大資科所 – 第四屆趨勢百萬程式競賽冠軍 – 聯發科技 (2005- 2010) – SmartQ (2011 – 2014) – cacaFly/TenMax (2014-present) • FB: https://fb.me/popcornylu 2
- 3. DataCon.TW2017 Current Workload • 0.1B ~ 1B events generated per day • About 200G data generated per day • Data everywhere – Reporting – Analytics – Content Profiling – Audience Profiling – Machine Learning 3
- 4. DataCon.TW2017 Context • Each AD request has an serial of events: Request Impression Click • We call it a session, which is identified by sessionId. • Generate hourly report for sessions – with some metrics (requests, impres, clicks) – grouped by some dimensions (ad, space, geo, device, …) 4 Request Impression ClickSession: 1 Request Impression ClickSession: 2 Request Impression ClickSession: 3
- 6. DataCon.TW2017 Data Pipeline 6 Bid Request Raw Events Sessions Report group by sessionId merge events aggregate metrics group by dimensions Hourly Event Stream
- 7. DataCon.TW2017 Our Data Pipeline Timeline 7 2015 2016 2017
- 8. DataCon.TW2017 Data Pipeline Version 1 8 2015 2016 2017
- 9. DataCon.TW2017 Data Pipeline Version 1 • MongoDB 2.3 • Why MongoDB? – Schemaless – Horizontal scale out – Replication 9 NoSQL is Hot!!
- 10. DataCon.TW2017 Data Pipeline Version 1 10 Bid Request Raw Events Sessions Report group by sessionId merge events aggregate metrics group by dimensions Event Stream MongoDB RDBMS In-place-update aggregate pipeline Upsert events MongoDB solution sessions report Our problem Bid Request Raw Events
- 11. DataCon.TW2017 Problem: Poor Write Performance • MMAPv1 storage engine – In-place update – Fragmentation – Random Access – Big DB file 11 More Bytes + Random Access = Poor Performance
- 12. DataCon.TW2017 Problem: Hard to Operate • Too many roles of server – Mongos – Shard master – Shard slave – Config server 12
- 13. DataCon.TW2017 Data Pipeline Version 2 13 2015 2016 2017
- 14. DataCon.TW2017 Data Pipeline Version 2 • Cassandra 2.1 • Feature – Google BigTable-like Architecture – Excellent Write Performance – Peer-to-peer architecture – Data Compression 14
- 15. DataCon.TW2017 Data Pipeline Version 2 15 Bid Request Raw Events Sessions Report group by sessionId merge events aggregate metrics group by dimensions Event Stream Cassandra RDBMS compact Java Insert events Cassandra solution sessions report Our problem Bid Request Raw Events Event Stream
- 16. DataCon.TW2017 Write Performance • Use LSM Tree (Log Structure Merge Tree) • Append only sequential write (including insert, update, delete) • Compression support • Flush, compact, read merge 1616 Write Ahead Log SSTable SSTable Write Memtable SSTable flush Sorted String Table
- 17. DataCon.TW2017 LSM Tree - Compact SSTable SSTable SSTable SSTable SSTable Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 0 Memtable Compact
- 18. DataCon.TW2017 LSM Tree – Read Merge SSTable SSTable SSTable Read MemtableMerge
- 19. DataCon.TW2017 Write Performance • Who use LSM Tree? 1919
- 20. DataCon.TW2017 Peer-to-Peer Architecture • Every nodes are – Contact server – Coordinator – Data Node – Meta Server • Easy to operate! 20 coordinator Replica1 Replica2 Replica3
- 21. DataCon.TW2017 How about aggregate • Cassandra has no group-aggregation • How to aggregate? – Java Stream (thanks java8) – Poppy (an in-house dataframe library) https://github.com/tenmax/poppy 21 Cassandra RDBMS Aggregate Insert events report Bid Request Raw Events Event Stream Grouping
- 22. DataCon.TW2017 Problem: Cost • SSD Disk costs USD $0.135 per month per GB, while Azure Blob costs USD $0.02 per month per GB. • SSD Disk should allocate space in advance, while Azure Blob is pay- as-you-use. • Azure Blob replicate data even for lowest pricing tier • Azure Blob is much scalable and reliable than self-hosted cluster. • People Cost 22 Cloud Storage Rocks!!
- 23. DataCon.TW2017 Problem: Aggregation • In-house solution is not easy to evolve, while Hadoop/Spark is a huge ecosystem • Scalability issue • Lack key feature: Group by high cardinality key – Group by visitor – Aggregate Multi-dimensional OLAP cubes 23
- 24. DataCon.TW2017 Data Pipeline Version 2.1 24 Cassandra RDBMS Generate Report sessions report Bid Request Raw Events Azure Blob OLAP Cube ML Model Sampling Data Dump • Dump the session data to azure blob for further use. BI Tool Analytics Server AD Server
- 25. DataCon.TW2017 Data Pipeline Version 3 25 2015 2016 2017
- 26. DataCon.TW2017 Data Pipeline Version 3 • Kafka 0.11+ Fluentd + Azure blob + Spark 2.1 • Why – Azure Blob is cheap – High throughput for Azure Blob – Spark is a Map-Shuffle-Reduce framework, making grouping by high cardinality key possible. 26
- 27. DataCon.TW2017 Data Pipeline version 3 27 Bid Request Raw Events Sessions Report group by sessionId merge events aggregate metrics group by dimensions Event Stream Azure Blob Azure Blob/ RDBMS Spark RDD Spark solution sessions report Our problem Azure Blob Fluentd Raw events Spark DataFrame
- 28. DataCon.TW2017 How to Ingest Log to Azure Blob? 28 Azure Blob Azure Blob/ RDBMS Spark RDD sessions report Azure Blob Fluentd Raw events Spark DateFrame
- 29. DataCon.TW2017 How to Ingest Log to Azure Blob? • Solution 1 – App write log to local log file – Fluentd tail log files and upload to blob • Pros – Simple • Cons – Data is not uploaded as soon as event happens 29 LogServer Fluentd Azure Blob
- 30. DataCon.TW2017 How to Ingest Log to Azure Blob? • Solution 2 – App append log to kafka – Fluentd consume logs and batch-upload to blob • Pros – Log is stored as soon as event happens – Log can be used for multiple purpose • Cons – Server aware of Kafka – If connection to kafka fails, server need to handle buffer or OOM 30 Server Kafka Fluentd Azure Blob
- 31. DataCon.TW2017 How to Ingest Log to Azure Blob? • Solution 3 – App write log to local log file – Fluentd tail log file and push to kafka (<100ms latency) – Fluentd consume logs from kafka and batch-upload to blob • Pros – Log is stored as soon as event happens – Log can be used for multiple purpose – Decouple app from kafka, and fluentd takes care of buffering and error recovery. • Cons – Most complex solution. 31 Bidder Kafka Fluentd Azure Blob FluentdLog
- 32. DataCon.TW2017 Event-Time Window • A click event may happens after several minutes from the impression event. How to merge these events? 32 Id: 1 ts: 10:58 Event: impre Id: 2 ts: 10:59 Event: impre Id: 1 ts: 11:02 Event: click Id: 3 ts: 11:02 Event: impre Id: 3 ts: 11:03 Event: click 11:00 How to merge these events?
- 33. DataCon.TW2017 Event-Time Window • Our solution – Fluentd uploads events to the partition window according to the session timestamp (partts) instead of ingest timestamp. – sessionId is type of TimeUUID, which embeds timestamp in UUID. – For every events partts = timestampOf(sessionId) 33
- 34. DataCon.TW2017 Event-Time Window 34 Id: 1 ts: 10:58 partts: 10:58 Event: imp Id: 2 ts: 10:59 partts: 10:59 Event: imp Id: 1 ts: 11:02 partts:10:58 Event: click Id: 3 ts: 11:02 Partts: 10:02 Event: impre Id: 3 ts: 11:03 Partts: 11:02 Event: click 11:00 • Now, we can guarantee the events for the same session locate at the same window. In same window
- 35. DataCon.TW2017 Spark RDD and Spark SQL 35 • Use Spark RDD to merge events with the same session. (Just like json object merge) • Use Spark DataFrame to aggregate metrics by dimensions. (A high dimension OLAP cube) • Save DataFrame to Azure blob as Parquet format • Save to RDBMS sub-dimension data with lower dimensions data. Azure Blob Azure Blob/ RDBMS Spark RDD sessions report Azure Blob Event Stream Raw events Spark DataFrame
- 36. DataCon.TW2017 Lessons Learned • Everything is tradeoff. • For big data, trade features for cost effective – DFS for batch source – Kafka for stream source • Cloud Storage is very cheap!! Use it now • Spark is a great tool for processing data. Even for non- distributed application. 36
- 37. DataCon.TW2017 Storage Comparison 37 RDBMS Document Store (e.g. MongoDB) BigTable-like Stores (e.g. Cassandra) Distributed File System (e.g. Azure Blob, AWS S3, HDFS) File/Table Scan Yes Yes Yes Yes Point Query Yes Yes Yes Secondary Index Yes Yes Yes* AdHoc Query Yes Yes Group and aggregate Yes Yes Join Yes Yes* Transaction Yes
- 38. DataCon.TW2017 Storage Comparison 38 RDBMS Document Store (e.g. MongoDB) BigTable-like Stores (e.g. Cassandra) Distributed File System (e.g. Azure Blob, AWS S3, HDFS) Cost * ** ** ***** Query Latency ***** **** *** * Throughput ** ** ** ***** Scalability * *** *** ***** Availability * *** *** *****
- 39. DataCon.TW2017 Where We Go Next? • Stream processing • Serverless Model for analytics workload 39
- 40. DataCon.TW2017 Stream Processing • Why – Latency – Incremental Update • Trend – Batch and Stream in one system – Exactly-once semantic – Support both ingest time and event time – Low watermark for late event – Structured Streaming 40
- 41. DataCon.TW2017 Serverless Model for Analytics Workload • Analytics Workload Characteristic – Low utilization rate – Require huge resource suddenly – Interactive • Not suitable for provisioned VMs solution, like – AWS EMR, Azure HDInsight, GCP DataProc • Serverless Solutions – Google BigQuery, AWS Athena, Azure Data Lake Analytics 41