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SP III Grammar Review


Direct Object Pronouns
   • replace the nouns that receive the action
   • placed before the conjugated verb or after and attached
     to the infinitive or present participle

  me nos
  te           os
  lo, la los, las

  Examples:
  -Me gusta la gorra. ¿Dónde la compraste?
  -Yo la compré en Modells.
  - ¡Qué bien! Yo voy a comprarla allí también.
  -Pues, ahora está en venta. Están vendiéndola por sólo diez
  dólares.


El Comparativo

Tan + adjective + como…………………as ____ as
Mas + adjective + que…………………..more ____ than
Menos + adjective + que……………….less ____ than

Tanto, a (s) + noun + como …………..as many ____ as
Mas + noun + que ………………………..more ____ than
Menos + noun + que ……………………..less ____ than

Examples:
María es tan bonita como su hermana.
Pablo es más inteligente que Juan.
El Comparativo (cont’d)

Yo tengo tantos libros como ella.
Ana escribe menos cartas que su amiga.



El Superlativo

El,   la,   los,   las   + más + adjective ………………..the most ___
El,   la,   los,   las   + menos + adjective …………….the least ___
El,   la,   los,   las   mejor …………………………………..the best ___
El,   la,   los,   las   peor …………………………………….the worst ___
El,   la,   los,   las   mayor ………………………………….the oldest ___
El,   la,   los,   las   menor ………………………………….the youngest ___

El, la, los, las + noun + mas/menos + adjective……the
most/least ___________ ______________

Examples:

La más bonita es Sara.
Los menos atléticos son ellos.
La mejor profesora es la Sra. Resende.
El equipo mas famoso es los Yankees.
Sara es la mayor hija de la familia.


Los Verbos Reflexivos
  • verbs that express action done to oneself
  • must have the reflexive pronoun before the conjugated
     verb or after and attached to the infinitive or present
     participle
Los verbos reflexivos (cont’d)

  Reflexive pronouns:        me         nos
                        te         os
                        se         se

  Example:
  Me lavo el pelo cada día.
  Él se cepilla los dientes antes de salir de la casa.
  Isabel está maquillándose.


Después de/Antes de
  • must be followed by an infinitive verb

  después de + infinitive ………………. after verbing
  antes de + infinitive …………………… before verbing

Example:
Nos lavamos las manos antes de comer.
Yo me ducho después de trabajar en el jardín.


Demonstratives

Adjectives:
Este, esta, estos, estas ………………..this, these (here)
Ese, esa, esos, esas …………………….that, those (there)
aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas ……that, those (far away)
Pronouns:
éste, ésta, éstos, éstas …………………this one, these (ones)
ése, ésa, ésos, ésas ……………………..that one, those (ones)
aquél, aquélla, aquéllos, aquéllas …..that one, those (ones)
Preterite

* simple past action, happened once
*words to indicate preterite: ayer, anteayer, hace dos años,
esta mañana, anoche

Endings:
            -AR                     -ER & -IR
        é     amos                  í     imos
        aste asteis                iste isteis
        ó     aron                 ió     ieron


Imperfect

*past tense that describes people, places, or situations,
*expresses continuous or habitual action; “used to verb” or
“was verbing”

*words to indicate need for imperfect: generalmente, a
menudo, muchas veces, todos los días, siempre, nunca

Endings:
            -AR                     -ER & -IR
        aba    ábamos               ía     íamos
        abas abais                  ías    íais
        aba aban                    ía     ían
IR & SER in the Imperfect

Ir             yo iba            nosotros íbamos
               tú ibas           vosotros ibáis
               él                ellos
               ella iba          ellas iban
               Ud.               Uds.

Ser            yo era            nosotros éramos
               tu eras           vosotros eráis
               él                ellos
               ella era          ellas eran
               Ud.               Uds.

Possessives

Adjectives before the noun:
mi (s)         nuestro, a (s)
tu (s)         vuestro, a (s)
su (s)         su (s)

Adjectives after the noun:
mío, a (s)      nuestro, a (s)
tuyo, a (s)     vuestro, a (s)
suyo, a (s)     suyo, a (s)

Pronouns:
el mío, la mía, los míos, las mías
el tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas
el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas
el nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras
el vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras
el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas
Present Progressive

*continuous action in the present
*compound tense using estar and the present participle

estoy
estás                    -ar verb w/-ando
está            +
estamos                  -er or –ir verb w/-iendo
estáis
están

*spell changes that happen in the preterit happen in the
present participle (ex. dormir => durmieron => durmiendo)
*pronouns appear before the conjugated verb (estar) or after
and attached to the present participle

Ex. Me estoy lavando el pelo (or) Estoy lavándome el pelo.

Imperfect Progressive

Expresses action that was happening continually in the past.

estaba
estabas
estaba         +         present participle (-ando, -iendo)
estábamos
estabais
estaban

Yo estaba caminando por el parque cuando me mordó un
perro.
Preterite and Imperfect – using them together

Remember that the preterite is a simple, one-time action in the
past and that the imperfect is a continuous action in the past
(happening over time).
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/
imperfect                     preterite


Yo estaba mirando la tele cuando sonó el teléfono.
María estaba estudiando cuando se acostó con el libro en la
mano.


Present Subjunctive

Used in order to express doubt, denial or disbelief. The
sentence must have two clauses separated by “que” with two
different subjects.

Formation: take the yo form present tense, drop the “o” and
add the present subjunctive endings

                      a       amos
                      as      áis
                      a       an

Ex. Yo dudo que él venga a la fiesta.
    Es posible que haga sol manana.
    Creo que vaya a llover este fin de semana.
Imperfect Subjunctive

Used in the same way the present subjunctive is used. Most
commonly appears with the conditional tense to express what
would happen…

Formation: take the 3rd person plural of the preterite, take off
the “ron” and add the ending. There are two sets of endings
to choose from…

               ra     ramos                se        semos
               ras    rais                 ses       seis
               ra     ran                  se        sen

Ex. Si fuera flor, sería margarita porque son bonitas.
    Yo compraría un coche nuevo si tuviera el dinero.


Por vs. Para

POR:

•   Approximate time or duration (for, during, in, per)
•   Manner or means (by)
•   Movement (along, through, by, via, around)
•   Exchange (for, in exchange for)
•   Cause, motivation, or benefit (for, because of, on behalf of,
    for the sake of)
•   Agent or cause of an action (by)
•   Por ciento = percent, por hora = per hour
•   Por + infinitive = because of, for reason of
PARA:

•   A destination (for, to)
•   A purpose, goal, or objective (for, by)
•   A point of view (for)
•   A point of reference or comparison (for)
•   Para + infinitive = in order to (verb)

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Spanish Grammar Review

  • 1. SP III Grammar Review Direct Object Pronouns • replace the nouns that receive the action • placed before the conjugated verb or after and attached to the infinitive or present participle me nos te os lo, la los, las Examples: -Me gusta la gorra. ¿Dónde la compraste? -Yo la compré en Modells. - ¡Qué bien! Yo voy a comprarla allí también. -Pues, ahora está en venta. Están vendiéndola por sólo diez dólares. El Comparativo Tan + adjective + como…………………as ____ as Mas + adjective + que…………………..more ____ than Menos + adjective + que……………….less ____ than Tanto, a (s) + noun + como …………..as many ____ as Mas + noun + que ………………………..more ____ than Menos + noun + que ……………………..less ____ than Examples: María es tan bonita como su hermana. Pablo es más inteligente que Juan.
  • 2. El Comparativo (cont’d) Yo tengo tantos libros como ella. Ana escribe menos cartas que su amiga. El Superlativo El, la, los, las + más + adjective ………………..the most ___ El, la, los, las + menos + adjective …………….the least ___ El, la, los, las mejor …………………………………..the best ___ El, la, los, las peor …………………………………….the worst ___ El, la, los, las mayor ………………………………….the oldest ___ El, la, los, las menor ………………………………….the youngest ___ El, la, los, las + noun + mas/menos + adjective……the most/least ___________ ______________ Examples: La más bonita es Sara. Los menos atléticos son ellos. La mejor profesora es la Sra. Resende. El equipo mas famoso es los Yankees. Sara es la mayor hija de la familia. Los Verbos Reflexivos • verbs that express action done to oneself • must have the reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb or after and attached to the infinitive or present participle
  • 3. Los verbos reflexivos (cont’d) Reflexive pronouns: me nos te os se se Example: Me lavo el pelo cada día. Él se cepilla los dientes antes de salir de la casa. Isabel está maquillándose. Después de/Antes de • must be followed by an infinitive verb después de + infinitive ………………. after verbing antes de + infinitive …………………… before verbing Example: Nos lavamos las manos antes de comer. Yo me ducho después de trabajar en el jardín. Demonstratives Adjectives: Este, esta, estos, estas ………………..this, these (here) Ese, esa, esos, esas …………………….that, those (there) aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas ……that, those (far away)
  • 4. Pronouns: éste, ésta, éstos, éstas …………………this one, these (ones) ése, ésa, ésos, ésas ……………………..that one, those (ones) aquél, aquélla, aquéllos, aquéllas …..that one, those (ones) Preterite * simple past action, happened once *words to indicate preterite: ayer, anteayer, hace dos años, esta mañana, anoche Endings: -AR -ER & -IR é amos í imos aste asteis iste isteis ó aron ió ieron Imperfect *past tense that describes people, places, or situations, *expresses continuous or habitual action; “used to verb” or “was verbing” *words to indicate need for imperfect: generalmente, a menudo, muchas veces, todos los días, siempre, nunca Endings: -AR -ER & -IR aba ábamos ía íamos abas abais ías íais aba aban ía ían
  • 5. IR & SER in the Imperfect Ir yo iba nosotros íbamos tú ibas vosotros ibáis él ellos ella iba ellas iban Ud. Uds. Ser yo era nosotros éramos tu eras vosotros eráis él ellos ella era ellas eran Ud. Uds. Possessives Adjectives before the noun: mi (s) nuestro, a (s) tu (s) vuestro, a (s) su (s) su (s) Adjectives after the noun: mío, a (s) nuestro, a (s) tuyo, a (s) vuestro, a (s) suyo, a (s) suyo, a (s) Pronouns: el mío, la mía, los míos, las mías el tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas el nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras el vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas
  • 6. Present Progressive *continuous action in the present *compound tense using estar and the present participle estoy estás -ar verb w/-ando está + estamos -er or –ir verb w/-iendo estáis están *spell changes that happen in the preterit happen in the present participle (ex. dormir => durmieron => durmiendo) *pronouns appear before the conjugated verb (estar) or after and attached to the present participle Ex. Me estoy lavando el pelo (or) Estoy lavándome el pelo. Imperfect Progressive Expresses action that was happening continually in the past. estaba estabas estaba + present participle (-ando, -iendo) estábamos estabais estaban Yo estaba caminando por el parque cuando me mordó un perro.
  • 7. Preterite and Imperfect – using them together Remember that the preterite is a simple, one-time action in the past and that the imperfect is a continuous action in the past (happening over time). ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/ imperfect preterite Yo estaba mirando la tele cuando sonó el teléfono. María estaba estudiando cuando se acostó con el libro en la mano. Present Subjunctive Used in order to express doubt, denial or disbelief. The sentence must have two clauses separated by “que” with two different subjects. Formation: take the yo form present tense, drop the “o” and add the present subjunctive endings a amos as áis a an Ex. Yo dudo que él venga a la fiesta. Es posible que haga sol manana. Creo que vaya a llover este fin de semana.
  • 8. Imperfect Subjunctive Used in the same way the present subjunctive is used. Most commonly appears with the conditional tense to express what would happen… Formation: take the 3rd person plural of the preterite, take off the “ron” and add the ending. There are two sets of endings to choose from… ra ramos se semos ras rais ses seis ra ran se sen Ex. Si fuera flor, sería margarita porque son bonitas. Yo compraría un coche nuevo si tuviera el dinero. Por vs. Para POR: • Approximate time or duration (for, during, in, per) • Manner or means (by) • Movement (along, through, by, via, around) • Exchange (for, in exchange for) • Cause, motivation, or benefit (for, because of, on behalf of, for the sake of) • Agent or cause of an action (by) • Por ciento = percent, por hora = per hour • Por + infinitive = because of, for reason of
  • 9. PARA: • A destination (for, to) • A purpose, goal, or objective (for, by) • A point of view (for) • A point of reference or comparison (for) • Para + infinitive = in order to (verb)