Chapter1
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- The document describes an experiment testing two hypotheses about peacock butterfly defenses against predators. The hypotheses were that exposing wing spots or making wing sounds would scare off predators. - In the experiment, four groups of butterflies were exposed to bird predators: with or without spots, with or without sounds. The results supported both original hypotheses, showing butterflies without defenses were eaten more. This supported the idea that wing spots and sounds help scare off predators.
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Chapter1
- 1. Invitation to Biology Chapter 1
- 3. Video: Lost worlds and other wonders
- 9. Levels of Organization in Nature
- 10. Fig. 1-2, p. 5 3 2 8 1 7 6 4 5
- 11. Animation: Life’s levels of organization
- 12. Active Figure: Levels of organization
- 16. Energy Flow and Material Cycling
- 17. Fig. 1-3a, p. 6
- 18. Fig. 1-3a, p. 6 sunlight energy A Producers harvest energy from the environment. Some of that energy flows from producers to consumers. PRODUCERS plants and other self-feeding organisms B Nutrients that become incorporated into the cells of producers and consumers are eventually released by decomposition. Some cycle back to producers. CONSUMERS animals, most fungi, many protists, bacteria C All energy that enters the world of life eventually flows out of it, mainly as heat.
- 19. Fig. 1-3a, p. 6 Stepped Art sunlight energy A Producers harvest energy from the environment. Some of that energy flows from producers to consumers. PRODUCERS plants and other self-feeding organisms CONSUMERS animals, most fungi, many protists, bacteria C All energy that enters the world of life eventually flows out of it, mainly as heat. B Nutrients that become incorporated into the cells of producers and consumers are eventually released by decomposition. Some cycle back to producers.
- 20. Fig. 1-3b, p. 6
- 21. Animation: One-way energy flow and materials cycling
- 28. Life’s Diversity: Three-Domain Classification System
- 29. Fig. 1-5, p. 8 Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
- 41. Making Observations: A Field Study
- 44. Examples of Scientific Theories
- 45. Animation: An example of the scientific method
- 49. Potato Chips and Stomachaches
- 50. Fig. 1-7, p. 12 A Olestra ® causes intestinal cramps. Hypothesis B Prediction People who eat potato chips made with Olestra will be more likely to get intestinal cramps than those who eat potato chips made without Olestra. C Experiment Control Group Experimental Group Eats regular potato chips Eats Olestra potato chips D 93 of 529 people get cramps later (17.6%) 89 of 563 people get cramps later (15.8%) Results E Conclusion Percentages are about equal. People who eat potato chips made with Olestra are just as likely to get intestinal cramps as those who eat potato chips made without Olestra. These results do not support the hypothesis.
- 51. Fig. 1-10, p. 14 Stepped Art Results 93 of 529 people get cramps later (17.6%) 89 of 563 people get cramps later (15.8%) Experiment Control Group Eats regular potato chips Experimental Group Eats Olestra potato chips Hypothesis Olestra® causes intestinal cramps. Prediction People who eat potato chips made with Olestra will be more likely to get intestinal cramps than those who eat potato chips made without Olestra Conclusion Percentages are about equal. People who eat potato chips made with Olestra are just as likely to get intestinal cramps as those who eat potato chips made without Olestra. These results do not support the hypothesis.
- 55. Results: Peacock Butterfly Experiment
- 57. Sampling Error
- 58. Fig. 1-9, p. 14 24 20 16 12 8 Wing-flicks per minute 4 0 – spots + sound – spots – sound + spots – sound
- 62. Digging Into Data: Peacock Butterfly Predator Defenses
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Figure 1.2 : Animated! Levels of organization in nature, from simpler to more complex. 1 Atoms 2 Molecules 3 Cells 4 Organisms 5 Populations 6 Communities 7 Ecosystems 8 The biosphere
- Figure 1.3 : Animated! The one-way flow of energy and the cycling of materials in the world of life. Below , a consumer eating a producer.
- Figure 1.3 : Animated! The one-way flow of energy and the cycling of materials in the world of life. Below , a consumer eating a producer.
- Figure 1.3 : Animated! The one-way flow of energy and the cycling of materials in the world of life. Below , a consumer eating a producer.
- Figure 1.3 : Animated! The one-way flow of energy and the cycling of materials in the world of life. Below , a consumer eating a producer.
- Figure 1.5 : Animated! Three-domain classification system with a few representatives of life’s diversity.
- Figure 1.7 : Animated! The steps in a scientific experiment to determine if Olestra causes cramps. A report of this study was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in January of 1998.
- Figure 1.9 Example of error bars in a graph. This particular graph was adapted from the peacock butterfly research described on the previous page. The researchers recorded the number of times each butterfly flicked its wings in response to an attack by a bird. The orange squares represent the average frequency of wing flicking for each sample set of butterflies. Black error bars that extend above and below the squares indicate the range of values—the sampling error—for each set of butterflies.