Lesson for Senior High School Grade 12. General Biology 1 Topic: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

1. What are the parts of a
cell?
Parts of a cell which are
present only in a plant
cell?

2. Objectives of the lesson
The learners should be able to:
1. distinguish prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells
according to their distinguishing features.
2. idenify cells of plants, animals, fungi, protists
and bacteria.
3. classify different cell types based on their
functions.

3. The above picture represents what?
As a review, what is used to classify organisms?

5. Terms and Definitions
taxonomy - process or system of describing the way in
which different living things are related by putting
them into groups
exocytosis - the release of cellular substances contained
in cell vesicles
endocytosis - incorporation of substances into a cell by
phagocytosis or pinocytosis
histones - proteins that package and order the DNA into
structural units.

7. There are numerous structural cell variations
suited to their specific functions. These variations
can be used in describing characteristics that
define a group of organisms.
In taxonomy, the five-kingdom scheme is used
to classify organisms: Plantae, Fungi, Animalia,
Protista, Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. Only
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria have member that
are prokaryotes.

8. Prokaryotic Cells
•from the Greek words pro which means
“before” and “karyon”, which means “nut or
kernel”
•cells without a true nucleus; they have
nucleiod , a region which contains most of
their genetic material in the form of circular
DNA
•1-5 micrometers only

9. Prokaryotic Cells
•may contain plasmids - small, double-strands
of seperate DNA which play a role in antibiotic
resistance
•few organelles, but ribosomes are mostly seen
•cell division happens through binary fission -
a type of asexual reproduction that produces
two identical cells
•exocytosis and endocytosis is not oberved

10. Eukaryotic Cells
•from the Greek words eu, which means “true”,
and karyon, which means “nut or kernel”
•have a true nucleus
•10-100 micrometers
•DNA is linear with histone
•many organelles
•divide through either mitosis or meiosis
•perform edocytosis and exocytosis

11. Cellular Characteristics of the
Five Kingdoms

13. Kingdom Plantae
•cells of plants are capable of photosynthesis
•Carotenoid - a class of accessory pigments responsible
for the yellow, orange and red colors
•Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplast, whereas
carotenoids are found in chromoplast
•Chloroplasts and chromoplasts are known as plastids -
organelles responsible for pigment synthesis and
storage
•cell wall - mainly composed of cellulose (a
polysaccharide)

16. Kingdom Fungi
•initially classified under
Kingdom Plantae
•cannot make their own
food
•they are consumers
•cells of Fungi have a cell
wall which is composed of
chitin
•chitin - a polysaccharide
similar to cellulose

18. Kingdom Animalia
•eukaryotic
•some cells found in
animals
•osteocyte - bone cell
•chondrocyte - makes
up your cartilage
•neuron - nerve cell

20. Kingdom Protista
•mostly unicellular
organism
•few are colonial
and multicellular
•includes protozoa,
protist with
animal-like
characteristics

21. Kingdom Protista
•protozoa- divided based on locomotory
structure of their cells
•Sarcodina/sarcodines - move by pseudopodia
(false feet)
•Ciliophora/ciliates - move by using cilia
•Sarcomastigophora/flagellates - move by using
their flagella
• Sporozoa - those do not have locomotory
structures

22. SARCODINA / SARCODINES

23. CILIOPHORA / CILIATES

24. SARCOMASTIPHORA / FLAGELLATES

27. Kingdom Eubacteria
•unicellular
organisms
•maybe describe
using the shape
•cocci - circular
•rods - bacilli
•spirilla - spiral

28. Kingdom Archaebacteria
•extremphiles - they can live in very harsh
environments
•Halophiles - can live in very salty
environment
•Thermophiles - hot places
•Acidophiles - acidic environment
•Methanogens - produce methane as a waste
product

29. Cell Structure Prokaryotic Cell Typical Eukaryotic Cell
Cell Membrane yes yes
Cell Wall yes no/yes
Centrioles no yes
Chromosomes one long DNA strand many
Cilia or Flagella yes, simple yes, complex
Endoplasmic Reticulum no yes (some exceptions)
Nucleus no yes
Lysosomes no common
Golgi Complex no yes

30. Cell Facts
1. Cells are too small to be seen without
magnfication
Cells range in size from 1 to 100 micrometers.
The study of cells, also called cell biology, would
not have been possible without invention of the
microscope. With the advance microscopes of
today, such as the Scanning Electron Microscope
and Transmission Electron Microscope, cell
biologists are able to obtain detailed of the
smallest of cell structures.

31. Cell Facts
2. There are two primary types of cells.
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are the
two main type of cells. Eukaryotic cells are
called so because they have a true nucleus.
Animals, plants, fungi and protists are
examples of organisms that are composed of
eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes include bacteria
and archaeans.

32. Cell Facts
3. Prokaryotic single-celled organisms are the
earliest and most primitive forms of life on
earth
Prokaryotes can live in environments that
would be deadly to most other organisms. They
are able to live and thrive in various extreme
habitats. Archaens for example, live in areas
such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs,
swamps, wetlands and even animal intestines.

33. Cell Facts
4. There are more bacterial cells in the
body than human cells
Scientists have estimated that about
95% of all the cells in the body are
bacteria. The vast majority of these
microbes can be found within the
digestive tract.

34. Cell Facts
5. Cells contain genetic material
Cells contain DNA (deoxyribunucleic acid)
and RNA (ribonucleiec acid), the genetic
information necessary for directing cellular
activities. DNA and RNA molecules known as
nucleic acids. In prokaryotic cells, the single
bacterial DNA molecules is not seperated from
the rest of the cell but coiled up in a region of
the cytoplasm called the nucleoid region.

35. Cell Facts
In eukaryotic cells, DNA molecules are
located within the cell's nucleus. DNA and
proteins are the major components of
chromosomes. Human cells contain 23 pairs of
chromosomes (for a total of 46). There are 22
pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes)
and one pair of sex chromosomes. The X and Y
sex chromosomes determine sex.

36. Cell Facts
6. Cells contain structure called organelles which
carry out specific functions
Organelles have a wide range of responsibilities
within a cell that include everything from providing
energy to producing hormones and enzymes.
Eukaryotic cells contain several types of organelles,
while prokaryotic cells contain few organelles
(ribosomes) and none that are bound by a
membrane.

37. Cell Facts
There are also differences between the
kinds of organelles found within different
eukaryotic cell types. Plant cells for example,
contain structures such as a cell wall and
chloroplasts that are not found in animal cells.
Other examples of organelles include: nucleus,
mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi
complex, ribosomes.

38. Cell Facts
7. Different types of cells reproduce through different
methods
Most prokaryotic cells replicate by a process called
binary fission. This is a type of cloning process in which
two identical cells are derived from a single cell.
Eukaryotic organisms have a similar type of reproductive
method known as mitosis. Some eukaryotes also have
the ability to reproduce sexually, which involves the
fusion of sex cells or gametes. Gametes are produced by
a process called meiosis.

39. Cell Facts
8. Groups of similar cells form tissues.
Tissues are groups of cells with both a shared
structure and functions. Cells that make up animal
tissues are sometimes woven together with
extracellular fibers and are occasionally held
together by a sticky substance that coats the cells.
Different types of tissues can also be arranged
together to form organs. Groups of organs can in
turn form organ systems.

40. Cell Facts
9. Cells have varying life spans
Cells within the human body have different
life spans based on the type and function of
the cell. They can live anywhere from a few
days to a year. Certain cells of the digestive
tract live for only a few days., while some
immune system cells can live for up to six
weeks. Pancreatic cells can live for as long as a
year.

41. Cell Facts
10. Cells commit suicide
When a cell becomes damaged or
undergoes some type of infection, it wil self-
destruct by a process called apoptosis.
Apoptosis works to ensure proper development
and to keep the body's natural process of
mitosis in check. A cell's inability to undergo
apoptosis can result in the development of
cancer.

42. Direction: Under each type of cell write check mark if the cell
structure is present and x mark if absent.
Cell Structure Prokaryotic Cell Typical Eukaryotic Cell
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Centrioles
Chromosomes
Cilia or Flagella
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
Lysosomes
Golgi Complex

43. Direction:
•Make a mini scrapbook. Include the following:
Drawing eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells with label and
brief description of cells
Cellular characteristics of 6 kingdoms (plant, animal, fungi,
protist, archaebacteria, eubacteria)
In your protist kingdom make a diagram showing the life
cycle of malaria.

44. TEST I Identification
1. Process or system of describing the way in which different
living things are related by putting them into groups.
2. A type of asexual reproduction that produces two identical
cells.
3. A class of accessory pigments responsible for the yellow,
orange and red colors.
4. Proteins that package and order the DNA into structural
units.
5. The release of cellular substances contained in cell vesicles.

45. TEST I Identification
6. Incorporation of substances into a cell by
phagocytosis or pinocytosis.
7. A type of bateria that can live in very salty
environment.
8. A type of bateria that can live in hot places.
9. A type of bateria that can live in acidic environment.
10. The kingdom which is capable of photosynthesis.

46. TEST I Identification
11. A type of bacteria that produces methane
as a waste product
12. The cell wall of plant is composed of what?
13. How about the bacteria?
14. How about the fungi?
15. In a plant cell, where can you find the
chlorophyll?

47. TEST I Identification
16. Amoeba uses what structure for
locomotion?
17. Euglena uses what structure for
locomotion?
18. Paramecium uses what structure for
locomotion?
19 - 20 Cell division in eukaryotic cells.

48. Test II. Enumeration
1-6 Enumerate the 6 kingdoms of organisms and
identify if the said kingdom is eukaryotes or
prokaryotes. (2 points each)
Test III Illustration
Illustrate the 3 typical shape of bacteria and label.