1. REENGINEERING

2. REENGINEERING
LOCAL
GOVERNMENTS
NGOs
TOWARDS GOOD GOVERNANCE

3. To put the world right in
order, we must first put the
nation in order; to put the
nation in order, we must
first put the family in order;
to put the family in order,
we must first cultivate our
personal life; we must first
set our hearts right.
Confucius

4. SUBSIDIARITY

5. SUBSIDIARITY
Decentralization
regardless of ideology or
political theory
Federalism
as a type of Government
Autonomy
a political program in a
centralized government

6. SUBSIDIARITY
CONVICTION ON
HUMAN DIGNITY
HUMAN PERSON IS
NATURALLY SOCIAL
ORIENTED TOWARDS
FREEDOM

7. SUBSIDIARITY
ELEMENTS:
1. NON-ARROGATION
2. EMPOWERMENT
3. COLLABORATIVE
PLURALISM

8. SUBSIDIARITY
Pope Pius XI
Quadragesimo Anno
1931

9. SUBSIDIARITY

11. How do we value
democracy, human
dignity and To what extent do you
accountability in the agree that reengineering
Local Government? means strengthening
local democracy?
TALKING POINTS

12. How are we going to
assess the relationship of
the LGU Officials, its
legislative district
representative and the
civil society or the NGO in
terms of promoting
democracy, transparency
and accountability in the
local government
particularly in the area of
curbing graft and
corruption and solving the
hardening poverty?
TALKING POINTS

13. Local government units
are the creation and a
mechanism of the central
government but, because Are local democracies
of local autonomy, is not equal among the local
subservient. To what government unit all
extent do you agree? over the country?
TALKING POINTS

14. 1
RATIONALE
FOR THE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT‟S
EXISTENCE

15. LGU‟s EXISTENCE:
TWO-FOLD PURPOSE
1. ADMINISTRATIVE
2. REPRESENTATION

16. REPRESENTATION
“REPUBLICAN,
MADAME,
IF YOU CAN
KEEP IT.”

17. 2
CREATION
AND
STRUCTURES OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

18. Easton and Almond‟s GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY: A
political system has subsystems part of the entire
system with assigned functions and enabling
empowerment, resources, authority, etc. to perform
and carry out their responsibilities optimally

19. 3
FEDERAL
AND
UNITARY STATES

20. AS TO IDEOLOGY OR NUMBER
OF PEOPLE LEADING

21. AS TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

22. AS TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
NATIONAL AND THE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

23. PHILIPPINE POLITICAL
SYSTEM
DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN,
PRESIDENTIAL AND
UNITARY.

24. PHILIPPINE POLITICAL
SYSTEM
DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN,
PRESIDENTIAL AND
UNITARY.
DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN,
PRESIDENTIAL AND FEDERAL.
DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN,
PARLIAMENTARY AND FEDERAL.
DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN,
PARLIAMENTARY AND UNITARY.

25. TYPE OF GOVERNMENT LEADERS
STATE As Between the As Between National
As to Persons Ruling Head of State Head of Government
Executive & Legislative and Local
Luxembourg Democratic Constitutional Monarchy Parliamentary District King Prime Minister
Norway Democratic Constitutional Monarchy Parliamentary Unitary King Prime Minister
Switzerland Democratic Republican Parliamentary Federal Federal Council President
Qatar Monarchy Absolute Monarchy Emirate Unitary Emir Emir
Denmark Democratic Constitutional Monarchy Parliamentary Unitary Queen Prime Minister
Ireland Democratic Republican Parliamentary Counties President Prime Minister
Netherlands Democratic Constitutional Monarchy Parliamentary Administrative Regions Queen Prime Minister
United States Democratic Republican Presidential Federal President President
Austria Democratic Republican Parliamentary Federal President Chancellor
United Arab Emirates Monarchy Absolute Monarchy Presidential Federal President Prime Minister
Australia Democratic Constitutional Monarchy Parliamentary Federal Queen Prime Minister
Finland Democratic Republican Parliamentary Municipalities President Prime Minister
Belgium Democratic Constitutional Monarchy Parliamentary Federal King Prime Minister
Sweden Democratic Constitutional Monarchy Parliamentary Unitary King Prime Minister
France Democratic Republican Semi-Presidential Unitary President President/Prime Minister
Germany Democratic Republican Parliamentary Federal President Chancellor
Japan Democratic Constitutional Monarchy Parliamentary Unitary Emperor Prime Minister
Canada Democratic Constitutional Monarchy Parliamentary Federal Queen Prime Minister
Iceland Democratic Republican Parliamentary Unitary President Prime Minister
Singapore Democratic Republican Parliamentary Unitary President President/Prime Minister
United Kingdom Democratic Constitutional Monarchy Parliamentary Unitary Queen Prime Minister
Spain Democratic Constitutional Monarchy Parliamentary Autonomous Regions King Prime Minister
Italy Democratic Republican Parliamentary Regionalised Unitary President Prime Minister
Russia Democratic Republican Parliamentary Federal President President/Prime Minister

27. 10 YARDSTICKS OF FEDERALISM
1 2 3 4 5
Exclusive Immunity Independence Amending Indestructible
Control Against of Central the Identity
on Foreign Secession Authority Federal and
Relations Constitution Autonomy
6 7 8 9 10
Bicameralism Residual Two Sets Supreme Clear
and Equal and of Court Division of
Representation Significant Courts Power
of Unequal States Powers

28. 1 Elastic Clause
2 Federal Supervision
3 Insure Democratic & Republican System
4 Emergency Powers
5 War & Foreign Policy
6 Concurrent Powers
7 Dependence of the Central Authority on the State
A Economic and Social Imperatives
B Population shift
C External Pressures
D Political cultures and Political parties

29. ABUEVA‟s DESCRIPTION
OF UNITARY SYSTEM
political powers and authority are
concentrated in the national
government.

30. 4
GROUPINGS OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT

31. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
IULA founded in 1913 in Belgium.
Organization of international congresses for
Inter-municipal relations and study.
Consultative status, category B, of Economic
and Social council of UN and maintains
permanent contacts with UNESCO and WHO.

32. 1. Anglo-Saxon Group
2. Central and Northwest Group
3. East Europe Group
4. South Europe Group
5. West Asia and North Africa Group
6. South Asia and East Africa Group
7. East Asia Group – Thailand, Philippines and Japan
IULA‟s CLASSIFICATION OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT SYSTEM

33. BASIC TYPES OF LG SYSTEM*
FRENCH ENGLISH SOVIET TRADITIONAL
MODEL MODEL MODEL MODEL
*Harold Alderfer

34. NATURE 5
OF
LOCAL
GOVERNMENTS

35. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
8
1
7
6 LOCAL 2
GOV‟T.
3
5
4

36. TIERS OF PHILIPPINE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS
PROVINCES
CITIES
MUNICIPALITIES
BARANGAYS

37. TIERS OF PHILIPPINE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS
REGIONS LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS
PROVINCES CITIES
CITIES MUNICIPALITIES
BARANGAYS BARANGAYS BARANGAYS

38. FUNCTIONS OF LGs
1. For a stable democratic political
environment ;
2. Partner for regional and national
development;
3. Vested rights for a fair share of financial
resources;
4. Shared responsibility in the management of
the country‟s human resources;
5. Principle of check and balances with the
central government.;
6. Avenue for the flow of accurate information ;
7. Guarantee of people‟s participation;
8. Ensure political and social harmony;
9. Ability to influence the central government
in changing legislations;
10.Accountability to the Central Government.;
11.Local Government Units openness to
innovations;

39. LOCAL 5
GOVERNMENT
IN THE
MODERN WORLD

40. In Europe,
„general acceptance‟ In the new world, LGs are for
and has the authority utilitarian purposes and
to make regulations functions,

41. 6
THE
POLITICS OF
DECENTRALIZATION

42. FISCAL PUBLIC POLITICAL
FEDERALISM ADMINISTRATION SCIENCE
COMMON THEORIES USED IN
UNDERSTANDING DECENTRALIZATION

43. FISCAL FEDERALISM
“Fiscal federalism theories dealing with
decentralization focus on maximizing social welfare,
which is portrayed as a combination of economic
stability, allocative efficiency, and distributive equity.
The precise combination and importance attached to
each goal depends on the context, but the challenge
of decentralization is essentially to locate resources
at the level of government that optimizes social
welfare”
(Musgrave 1958: 132-33, 175-178).

44. FISCAL FEDERALISM
1. DETERMINE TO WHICH EACH LEVEL OF GOVT. HAS
FISCAL IMPACT.
2. IF RESOURCES HAVE BEEN CEDED TO SUBNATIONAL
UNITS, THEN CENTRAL GOVTS. HAVE, TO ONE DEGREE OR
ANOTHER, LESS FISCAL IMPACT.
3. BEST INDICATOR FOR THE LEVEL OF FISCAL
CENTRALIZATION OR DECENTRALIZATION IS THE SHARE
OF THE SUBNATIONAL EXPENDITURES AND REVENUES.

45. Comparative Philippine and China Central and
Local Government Share in Revenue and
The Philippines China
Expenditure
(2007; in Million (2004 ; 100M
ITEM Pesos) Yuan)
Central* Local** Central Local
Revenue 1,096,875 234,760 14,503 11,893
% to Total 82.37% 17.63% 54.90% 45.10%
Expenditure 1,029,377 194,736 7,894 20,592
% to Total 84.09% 15.91% 27.70% 72.30%
* Net of IRA of P146,591.95 million
** Inclusive of IRA of P146,591.95 million
Sources: Philippine Commission on Audit 2007 Financial
Reports; National Bureau of Statistics of China

46. Philippine Central and Local
Government Revenue Breakdown
*Central-Net of IRA
Source: Philippine Commission on Audit 2007 Financial Reports
ITEM Central Local
Total Revenue 82.37% 17.63%
Tax Revenue* 93.08% 6.92%
General Income
Permits and Licenses 77.03% 22.97%
Service Income 94.24% 5.76%
Business Income 68.65% 31.35%
Income 94.65% 5.35%
Gain on ForEx 100.00% 0.00%

47. United States : Sources of State Revenue
Percentage
Source
(US Average)
General Sales Tax 23.5%
Selective Sales Tax 10.9%
Property Taxes 30.1%
License and Other Fees 8.2%
Corporate Income
4.7%
Taxes
Individual Income Taxes 22.6%
Source: Tax Foundation Report : stateline.org

48. Central
Central Government
Local Government By
Total Income * Government Expenditure %
Region
*Inclusive of IRA Expenditure to LG Total
Source: Figures are from the Philippine
Commission on Audit 2007 Financial Reports Income
Grand Total 234,642,572.58 762,534,007.59 324.98%
National Capital Region 46,778,401.48 560,070,716.35 1197.28%
Region 1 11,410,059.53 14,371,248.27 125.95%
CAR 6,223,710.33 7,499,513.73 120.50%
Region 2 9,160,569.36 10,132,758.94 110.61%
Region 3 20,888,920.59 21,590,013.29 103.36%
Region 4 35,866,590.31 27,646,932.60 77.08%
Region 5 10,993,973.34 15,101,341.54 137.36%
Region 6 16,679,840.96 18,419,954.59 110.43%
Region 7 15,555,455.12 14,027,680.75 90.18%
Region 8 8,687,321.73 98,317,599.17 1131.74%
Region 9 7,781,531.08 9,821,773.23 126.22%
Region 10 11,300,406.23 11,512,490.21 101.88%
Region 11 10,170,596.06 10,980,183.03 107.96%
Region 12 8,285,249.49 8,623,777.18 104.09%
Region 13 7,545,245.07 7,146,537.05 94.72%
ARMM 7,354,701.68 8,753,883.18 119.02%

49. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

50. DECENTRALIZATION
Decentralization
involves the
shifting of fiscal,
political and
administrative
responsibilities
from higher to
lower levels of
government.
(Jamie Boex and Sirdar Yilmaz: 2010)

51. DEVOLUTION DELEGATION DECONCENTRATION
Where the central
government transfers Transfers policy Central government
authority for decision responsibility to local that disperses
making, finance and governments responsibility for a
management to local or semiautonomous policy to its field
governments with organizations that are offices. This transfer
legally recognized not controlled by the changes the spatial
jurisdictions over central and geographical
which they exercise government but distribution of
authority. Central govt remain accountable to authority, but does not
allows autonomous it. significantly change
local units of govt to the autonomy of the
exercise power and entity that receives the
control over the authority.
transferred policy.

52. DEVOLUTION DELEGATION DECONCENTRATION
Devolution Delegation Deconcentration
involves an involves a involves a
bureaucratic,
arm‟s-length contractual hierarchical
relationship relationship. relationship

53. DEVOLUTION DELEGATION DECONCENTRATION
Taxes Grants & Discretionary
transfer of funds
Loans

54. POLITICAL DECENTRALIZATION
Political science theories dealing with
decentralization focus on
MOBILIZATION, ORGANIZATION,
ARTICULATION, PARTICIPATION,
CONTESTATION, and AGGREGATION
of interests.
(Fox and Aranda 1996).

55. The best way to summarize these
functions might be in terms of
representation.
“map the multiplicity of citizen
interests onto policy decisions”
(Litvack et al. 2000: 6).

56. NATIONAL 7
AND
LOCAL GOVT
RELATIONSHIP

57. fuedalism =
fused model
nation states =
dual model

58. Fused, Centralized System Dual Autonomous System
1. One, indivisible public authority Two spheres: central and local
2. Strict standards for actions of local Legal context established by framework laws,
authorities, very detailed regulation provided local policy formed by local laws adopted by
by laws. local council
All local powers are coming from council
3. Local council has supervising role over
which is delegated to local administration;
administration or has to adopt laws/ decisions
extensive comperence of council in local
of central government to local needs
leglislation.
Administrative intervention by the National
4. Direct administrative intervention and ex Government is prohibited, only court decision
ante control of the central government to estabilish the legality of local decisions/
actions
Considerable autonomy in formation of civil
5. One indivisible civil service at all level
service at local level
6. Decisive role of state categorical grants to
Extensive autonomy in taxation and spending,
cover current expenditures, dependent of the
state general grants to support capacity
state regulations spending

59. LOCAL 8
AUTONOMY
IN THE
PHILIPPINES

60. Local autonomy has been defined as the
state of self-determination of local
Sosmena government and their relative freedom
from central government control over
local affairs and concerns.
LOCAL
The higher the centralization of authority
Abueva and decision making for a function, the
lower the autonomy of the local
government concerned.
AUTONOMY As the degree of self-determination and
self-government enjoyed by local units
Alderfer in their relation with the central
government thus implying a measure of
independence from national control.
Local autonomy as a combination of two
elements: first, the right of local
Mendoza & Lim entities to administer their own affairs
freely in accordance with their own will,
and second, the right of the local
citizenry to determine that will.

61. Philippine Local Autonomy in
the Philippines: two of its
dimensional views
(a)Historical-legal, and
(b)Political-administrative.

62. Central
supervision and
control are
highly visible
in:
1. Presidential power over local officials;
2. Central supervision over local administrative and
financial affairs
3. Central control over development planning
4. Integration of the police force
5. Limitations on the use of specific funds and
6. Centralization of personnel administration.

63. GOVERNMENT
9
AUTONOMY
AND
SUPERVISION OF THE
PRESIDENT

64. Supervision is power toSEE that
subordinate officers perform their
duties.

65. Power of general supervision ≠
Power of Control