To use in my lessons, taken from ESL printables.

1. RELATIVE CLAUSES DEFINING & NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Identifying & Non-Identifying Relative Clauses

2. A relative clause gives us information about which particular person or thing the speaker is referring to. Relative Pronouns: who(m), which, whose, that introduce relative clauses. The girl who works in the bakery is my cousin. Relative Clause ( The Relative clause tells us which girl we are talking about.) A kangaroo is an animal which lives in Australia. Relative Clause

3. We use WHO/ THAT to refer to people The lady who/ that lives next door has a lot of pets. The boy who/ that I met at Lucy’s party was very handsome. A doctor is a person who/ that treats sick people. Charles Dickens is the man who/ that wrote Oliver Twist.

4. We use Which/ That to refer to things, objects or animals A book is something which/ that people read. Have you finished the book which/ that I g ave you last week. The food which/ that was served last week was delicious. A flamingo is a bird which/ that lives in a warm climate.

5. We use whose instead of using possessive adjectives (my, your, his, etc.) with people, objects and animals in order to show possession That’s the man. His car was stolen. That’s the man whose car was stolen. That’s the woman whose house caught fire yesterday. The woman is very happy. Her son got the highest grade in the university exam. The woman whose son got the highest grade in the university exam is happy.

6. Subject Position RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT AND OBJECT We don’t omit the relative pronoun when it is the subject pronoun of the relative clause , that is when there is not a noun or subject pronoun between the relative pronoun and the verb I met a girl. She is from Japan. I met a girl who/ that is from Japan. (The relative pronoun is the subject and there isn’t a pronoun or noun between the relative pronoun and ‘is’.) The dog – it ran away – is mine. The dog which/ that ran away is mine. Have you spoken to the man? He sent you flowers Have you spoken to the man who/ that sent you flowers.

7. Object Position We can omit the relatıve pronoun when it is the object of the relative clause, that is when there is a noun or a subject pronoun between the relative pronoun and the verb. That’s the hat. I bought it last week . That’s the hat( which/ that) I bought last week ( The relative pronoun is the object, there is the subject pronoun between the relative pronoun and the verb.) Have you replied to all the letters (which/ that) you received. What is the name of the man ( who/ that) I saw you with yesterday.

9. RELATIVE ADVERBS Where is used to refer to place, usually after nouns like Town, hotel, street, country, etc. It can be replaced by which/ that+preposition. In this case, which/ that can be omitted. Where, when, why are relative adverbs and can introduce relative clauses. The hotel where we stayed was fantastic. The hotel which/ that I stayed at was fantastic. I always lock the drawer where I keep my jewellery. A cemetery is a place where dead people are buried.

10. When is used to refer to time, usually after the nouns like time, period, day, moment, summer, etc. I remember the day when my son was born. I will never forget the day when I first met him. I will always remember the day when I graduated.

11. Why is used to give reason, usually after the word reason . The reason why I can’t meet you tonight is that I am working overtime. He had a fight with his best friend, that’s why he is very sad. She has to go to the dentist tomorrow, that’s why she has asked me to go to her house. The reason why she is unhappy that she broke up with her boyfriend.

13. There are two kinds of Relative Clauses : Defining & Non-Defining Relative Clauses A Defining Relative Clause gives necessary information and it is essential to the meaning of the main Sentence. The relative pronouns can be omitted when they are object s of the relative clause. e.g People are fined. (which people? We don’t know. The meaning of the sentence isn’t clear.) People who/ that park illegally are fined. The film was boring. (Which film? We don’t know. The meaning isn’t clear.) The film which/ that I watched yesterday was boring. A Non-defining relative Clause gives extra information and is not essential To the meaning of the main sentence. In non-defining relative clauses, the relative pronouns can not be omitted And can’t be replaced by that . The relative clause needs commas. e.g Jeffersons live next door. (The meaning of the sentence is clear.) The Jeffersons , who own a Jaguar, live next door. My cat is called Monty. (The meaning is clear) My cat, which I found on the street, is called Monty. (The relative clause gives extra info.)

14. Fill in the relative pronoun or adverb. Put commas where necessary. Write D for defining and ND for non-defining clauses. Say whether the relative can be omitted or not.