Aula ministrada em 29/05/2012 para a disciplina CE-287 – Collaborative Systems da pós-graduação do ITA

1. CE-287 – Collaborative Systems
Chapter 7
Designing collaborative applications
Msc. Mauro Pichiliani
Email: pichilia@ita.br
@pichiliani
http://pichiliani.com.br

2. GOAL
Present important topics about models, design,
awareness, and architectures of synchronous
collaborative applications

3. OVERVIEW
 Models
 Beyong Being There
 Desining synchronous CSCW
 Awareness
 Approaches
 Architectures
 Demonstrations
 Conclusions

4. MODELS – CSCW MATRIX
Time x Space [Ellis 91]
Time x Space x Previsibility [Grudin 94]
Time x Space x Group size
[Nunamaker 91]

5. MODELS 3C Collaboration
model
Prisioner’s dilemma
3C Collaboration
model

6. BEYOND BEING THERE
 A seminal paper by Hollan and Stornetta [Holland and
Stornetta 91]
 Question: “(…) those at a distance will be at no real
disadvantage to those colocated?”
 Not about the quality, but about the imitation of the ‘being
there’ felling
 Analogy: crutches (broken leg) x shoes (enhance
performance)
 Other characteristics: anonymity, semisynchronous
discussions, feedback, archiving, and others

7. DESINING – WHY CSCW APPS FAIL?
 [Grudin 88] discussed problems in the design and
evalution of organizational interfaces:
 Disparity among user’s benefits and extra work
 Problems with intuitive decision-making (managers)
 Underestimating dificulty of evaluting CSCW applications

8. DESINING – COMMON
CHARACTERISTICS
 Synchronous CSCW has some well-know and
common characteristics [Ellis et al. 89]:
 Short response times
 Real-time notifications
 Distributed environment
 Volatile participation
 Ad hoc information access
 High degree of access conflicts
 Connection by external channel (audio or video)

9. DESINING CSCW – 8 CHALLENGES
 [Grudin 94] list 8 challenges for CSCW developers:
 1. Disparity in work and benefit
 2. Critical mass and the Prisioner’s dilemma problems
 3. Disruption of social processes
 4. Exception handling
 5. Unobtrusive accessibility
 6. Difficulty in evaluation
 7. Failure of intuition
 8. The adoption process

10. DESINING CSCW – APPROCHES
 Ad hoc implementation
 Toolkits [Greenberg & Roseman 98]
 Component-based approches [Begole et al. 99]
 Collaboration Transparent Systems (CTS)
 Screen sharing – 1º generation [MS NetMeeting]
 Intelligent Collaboration Transparency (ICT) and ICT 2
– 2º generation [Li & Li 2002]
 Transparent Adaptation (T.A.) [Xia et al. 2004]
 Mapping of Components [Pichiliani & Hirata
2006]

11. AWARENESS – EARLY STUDIES
 [Heath & Luff 92] studied the coordination of
activities of London Control Rooms (trains)
 Two actors: Line controller’s and DIA
 Seat side by side without direct communication
 Awareness by indirect interation: listen to
conversations, gaze direction, monitoring displays, and
indirect cues
 Implicit actions to coordinate the tasks: unobtrusive
awareness
 Many implications for the design of CSCW applications
 Social focus on communication and coordination

12. AWARENESS – SHARED WORK
SPACES
 Awareness: “(…) understanding of the activities
of others, which provides a context for your own
activity.” [Dourish & Bellotti 92]
 Argue that the user must not explicit provide
awareness information
 Focus on synchronous collaborative writing
systems (ShrEdit)
 Shared feedback: Information about individual
activities by presenting feedback on operations
within the shared workspace
[Greenberg et al.
96]

13. AWARENESS – WIDGETS (1)
a) Telecarets b) Telepointers c) Multi-user scrollbars
[Telecarets] [Telepointers] [MUS]
d) RadarView [Radar] e) Read and Write Shadows
f) FishEyeView
[RWS]
[FishE]

14. AWARENESS – WIDGETS (2)
DragMag View [DMG] Two-level view [TLV]
 Audio cues [Gaver 91], [Kansas 2008]
 Widgets x Focus of attention
 Few studies about gaze awareness in CSCW.
 Example: [Vertegal & Ding 2002]

15. AWARENESS – TELEEYE
 MOO [Pichiliani et al. 2008]:
Two users wearing the MOO eye Tracker
Hardware
User’s A Workspace User’s B Workspace
Iris detection application

16. ARCHITECTURES
 “The architecture of a collaborative application is characterized by
the modules, layers, replicas, threads, and processes into which
the application is decomposed; the awareness in these components
of collaboration functions; and the interaction among these
components.” [Dewan 99]
 Decomposition of the system into components
 Synchronous, Assynchronous, Multi-synchronous
and Quasi-synchronous
 WYSIWIS x relaxed WYSIWIS x WYSIWYG
 Many architectural models

17. ARCHITECTURES – EXAMPLES
PAC* architectural model
[Galvary 97] Clover architectural model
[Laurillau 2002]
Generic
Collaboration
architecture [Dewan 95]

18. ARCHITECTURES – DISTRIBUTION
 Distributed system aspects in the architecture for
synchronous groupware [Phillips 99]:
 Centralized: “(…)application on a single server and only
the display services are found at the users’ sites.”
 Replicated: “(…) all data and computation is replicated at
all sites”
 Semi-replicated: “(…) some aspects of computation and
state are replicated while others are centralized.”
 Flexible: “(…) adjust the run time distribution architecture
to suit application needs.”
 Many variations of these basic distribution architectures

19. ARCHITECTURES – MVC ACHITECTURES
 A classification of architectures in the MVC
architectural style [Suthers 2001]:
Centralized architecture
Replicated architecture
Distributed architecture
Hybrid architecture

20. APPLICATIONS – DEMONSTRATION
ArgoUML [Pichiliani & Hirata 2006] CoPhysics Illustrator [Pichiliani & Hirata 2009]
CoTuxGuitar [Pichiliani & Hirata 2009]

21. CONCLUSIONS
 Collaboration models help the design from the
theoretical point of view
 Designers must provide more than the
immitation of face to face meetings
 Design of synchronous applications have many
challenges (and opportunities)
 Awareness is a central focus for communication,
coordination and cooperation
 Different approches for developer synchronous
CSCW applications
 Architectures help organize and distribute the
components

22. REFERENCES – ITA CSCW
 [Pichiliani & Hirata 2006] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M. A Guide to map application components
to support multi-user real-time collaboration. Second International Conference on Collaborative
Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom 2006), Georgia, Atlanta, EUA,
Novembro de 2006.
 [Pichiliani & Hirata 2007] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M. Multi-Level Locks to Control
Collaborative Modeling Sessions. Third International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking,
Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom 2007), White Plains, New York, EUA, Novembro de 2007.
 [Pichiliani et al. 2008] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M., Soares, Fabricio S., Forster, Carlos H. Q.
TeleEye: an Awareness Widget for providing the Focus of Attention in Collaborative Editing Systems. Forth
International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing
(CollaborateCom 2008), Orlando, Florida, EUA, Novembro de 2008.
 [Pichiliani & Hirata 2009] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M. A Technical Comparison of the Existing
Approaches to Support Collaboration in Non-Collaborative Applications. Proceedings of the 2009
International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2009), Baltimore, Maryland,
EUA, Maio de 2009, pp. 314-321.
 [Berkenbrock et al. 2009] Berkenbrock, Carla D. M., Hirata, Celso M. , Fernandes, Clovis T., Pichiliani,
Mauro C. Requisitos de Usabilidade para o Desenvolvimento e Avaliação de Aplicações Cooperativas
Móveis. Artigo publicado no VI Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Colaborativos (SBSC), pp.10-18, Fortaleza,
Outubro de 2009.
 [Pichiliani & Hirata 2009] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M., A Digital Ink Sketch-Based
Application for Collaborative Design and Kinematic Simulation. Artigo publicado no VI Simpósio Brasileiro
de Sistemas Colaborativos (SBSC), pp. 1-9, Fortaleza, Outubro de 2009.
 [Pichiliani & Hirata 2009] Pichiliani, Mauro C., Hirata, Celso M. A Tabletop Groupware System for
Computer-based Music Composition. Fifth International Conference on Collaborative Computing:
Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom 2009), Washington D. C., EUA, Novembro de
2009.
 [Berkenbrock et al. 2010] Berkenbrock, C., Silva, A. P. C., Hirata C. M., Fernandes, C., Pichiliani, M.C.
Investigando o Anonimato de Usuários num Ambiente Colocalizado utilizando um Groupware Móvel. Artigo
publicado no VII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Colaborativos (SBSC), Minas Gerais, Outubro de 2010.

23. REFERENCES – GENERAL (1)
 [Begole et al. 99] Begole, J. C. A., Rosson, M. B., Shaffer, C. A.: Flexible collaboration transparency:
supporting worker independence in replicated application sharing systems. ACM Transactions on
Computer-Human Interaction 6, pp. 95-132 (1999)
 [Ellis et al. 89] ELLIS, Clarence; GIBBS, S. J. Concurrency control in groupware system. In: Proceedings
of the 1989 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of data (SIGMOD'89), San Diego,
Califórnia, E.U.A., p.399-407, 1989.
 [Ellis 91] ] ELLIS, Clarence; GIBBS, S. J; REIN, G. L. Groupware: some issues and experiences.
Communications of the ACM, v.34, n.1, p.38-58, jan., 1991.
 [Dewan 95] DEWAN, Prasun. Multiuser architectures. In: Proceedings of the IFIP TC2/WG2.7 Working
Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction, p.247-270, 1995.
 [Dewan 99] Dewan, P. . Computer Supported Co-Operative Work. 1, ed. Nova York: John Wiley & Sons,
1999. Chapter 7
 [DMG] Gutwin, C., Greenberg, S.: Focus and Awareness in Groupware. In: Video Proceedings of the 7th
ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Washington, U.S.A. (1998)
 [FishE] Greenberg, S., Gutwin, C., Cockburn, A.: Awareness Through Fisheye Views in Relaxed-WYSIWIS
Groupware. In: Proceedings of the 1996 Graphics Interface, pp. 28-38, Toronto, Canada (1996)
 [Galvary 97] CALVARY, Gaëlle; COUTAZ Joëlle; NIGAY, Laurence. From single-user architectural design
to PAC*: A generic software architecture model for CSCW. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on
Human factors in computing systems, p.242-249, 1997.
 [Gaver 91] Gaver, W. W.: Sound Support for Collaboration. In: Proceedings of the 2nd European
Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp. 293-308, Amsterdam, Netherlands (1991)
 [Greenberg & Roseman 98] Greenberg, S., Roseman, M.: Groupware Toolkits for Synchronous Work.
John Wiley & Sons, New York (1998)
 [Grudin 88] Grudin, J. Why CSCW applications fail: Problems in the design and evaluation of
organizational interfaces. 1988. Proc. CSCW 88, 31, 85-93.
 [Grudin 94] GRUDIN, Jonhatan. Computer Supported Collaborative Work: History and Focus, IEEE
Computer, vol.27, n.5, p.19-26, 1994.

24. REFERENCES – GENERAL (2)
 [Heath & Luff 91] Heath, C., Luff, P. Collaborative Activity and Technological Design: Task Coordination
in London Underground Control Rooms. Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer-
Supported Cooperative Work, Bannon, L., Robinson, M. & Schmidt, K. (Editors) September 25-27,1991,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
 [Holland and Stornetta 92] Hollan, J., Stornetta, S. Beyond being there. Proceeding CHI '92 Proceedings
of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Pages 119 – 125 ACM New York, NY,
USA ©1992
 [Kansas 2008] The Kansas Project, http://research.sun.com/ics/kansas.html
 [Laurillau 2002] LAURILLAU, Yann; NIGAY, Laurence. Clover Architecture for Groupware. In:
Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'02), New
Orleans, Lousiana, E.U.A., p.236-245, 2002.
 [Li & Li 2002] Li, D., Li, R.: Transparent sharing and interoperation of heterogeneous single-user
applications. In: Proceedings of the 5th ACM CSCW Conference. New York, USA, pp. 246-255 (2002)
 [MS NetMeeting] Windows Meeting Space, http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-vista/What-is-
Windows-Meeting-Space
 [MUS] Hill, J., Gutwin, C.: The MAUI Toolkit: Groupware Widgets for Group Awareness. Journal of
Computer Supported Cooperative Work, vol. 13 number 5-6, 539-571 (2004)
 [Nunamaker 91] NUNAMAKER, Jay F; DENNIS, Alan R; VALACICH, Joseph S; VOGEL, Douglas R;
GEORGE, Joey F. Electronic Meeting Systems to Support Group Work: Theory;Practice at Arizona,
Communication of the ACM, vol.34, n.7, p.40-61, 1991.
 [Phillips 99] Phillips, W. G. Architectures for Synchronous Groupware. Technical Report 1999-425.
Department of Computing and Information Science Queen’s University.
 [Radar] Greenberg, S., Roseman, M.: Groupware Toolkits for Synchronous Work. John Wiley & Sons, New
York (1998)
 [RWS] Sasa, J., Dewan, P., Rui, Y.: Read, Write, and Navigation Awareness in Realistic Multi-View
Collaborations. In: Proceedings of the 3nd International Conference on Collaborative Computing:
Networking, Applications and Worksharing, pp. 494-503, New York, U.S.A. (2007)
 [Suthers 2001] SUTHERS, Daniel D. Architectures for Computer Supported Collaborative Learning. In:
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT 2001), New
Orleans, Lousiana, E.U.A., p.6-8, 2001.

25. REFERENCES – GENERAL (3)
 [Telecarets] Greenberg, S., Marwood, D.: Real Time Groupware as a Distributed System: Concurrency
Control and its Effect on the Interface. In: Proceedings of the 5th ACM Conference on Computer Supported
Cooperative Work, pp. 207-217, North Caroline, U.S.A (1994)
 [Telepointers] Greenberg, S., Gutwin, C., Roseman, M.: Semantic Telepointers for Groupware. In:
Proceedings of the 6th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction, pp. 24-27, Hamilton, New
Zealand (1996)
 [Vertegal & Ding 2002] Vertegaal, R., Ding, Y.: Explaining Effects of Eye Gaze on Mediated Group
Conversations: Amount or Synchronization? In: Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Computer
Supported Cooperative Work, pp. 41-48, Louisiana, U.S.A. (2002)
 [TLV] Greenberg, S., Roseman, M.: Groupware Toolkits for Synchronous Work. John Wiley & Sons, New
York (1998)
 [Xia et al. 2004] Xia, S., Sun, D., Sun, C., Chen, D., Shen, H.: “Leveraging single-user applications for
multi-user collaboration: the CoWord approach. In: Proceedings of 9th ACM CSCW Conference. Chicago,
USA, pp. 162-171 (2004)