Presenter: Kimo van Dijk European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP) www.phosphorusplatform.eu Sustainable management of nutrients is crucial for agriculture, food, industry, water and the environment. ESPP brings together companies and stakeholders to address the Phosphorus Challenge and its opportunities for the circular economy. Countries: Austria AT Belgium BE Bulgaria BG Cyprus CY Czech Republic CZ Germany DE Denmark DK Estonia EE Spain ES Finland FI France FR Greece EL Hungary HU Ireland IE Italy IT Lithuania LT Luxembourg LU Latvia LV Malta MT Netherlands NL Poland PL Portugal PT Romania RO Sweden SE Slovenia SI Slovakia SK United Kingdom UK Switzerland CH Phosphorus: Fosfor Fosfor Fòsfòr Фосфор Fosfor Фосфор Fosfor Fosfor Фосфор Фосфор Fosforas Fosfors Fuosfuors Fosfor Ffуsfforws Fosfar Fosfaras Fosfaar Fosforus Φωσφορος Ֆոսֆոր Fosfor Fosfor Фосфор Фосфор ফসফরাস فسفر ફૉસ્ફરસનો फास्फोरस Fosfor Fosfori Foszfor Фосфор Фосфор Паликандур Fosfor Fosfor Фосфор Фосфор Фосфор Фосфор Fosfor فوسفور Fosfor Fosforoa ფოსფორი [fūsfūr] זרחן Fosfru Lìn リン 인 ฟอสฟอรัส Photpho 磷 Posporo Fosfor Pūtūtae-whetū Fosforus ഫോസ്ഫറസ് பொஸ்பரசு Fosofo Fosforase Posfori Fósforo Phusphuru Fosforimi Fosforo Fosforon Pesticium

1. Bureau de Helling GroenLinks symposium Circulair met fosfaat Amersfoort, 12th May 2017
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Closing the phosphate cycle locally
within a Dutch and European context
Kimo van Dijk - European Sustainable Phosphorous Platform
kimovandijk@phosphorusplatform.eu www.phosphorusplatform.eu @phosphorusfacts

2. Nutrient cycling in the biosphere
Biosphere 2 project

3. Phosphorus (P) cycle

4. Short movie: The Phosphorus Challenge
Phosphorus is essential for worldwide food security
www.phosphorusplatform.eu/links-and-resources/p-facts
Link to the short movie: http://youtu.be/Y17HqUsaoj8

5. The phosphorus challenges
Source: Cordell, D., J. O. Drangert, et al. (2009). "The story of phosphorus:
Global food security and food for thought." Global Environmental Change-
Human and Policy Dimensions 19(2): 292-305.
 Non-renewable at human time scale
 Spatially concentrated: geopolitical
dependency and tension
 Relatively low price, but price
volatility (2008 case)
 Lower P-rock quality:
● Decreasing P content
● Increasing impurities (e.g.
cadmium, uranium)
 Pollution and eutrophication
 Reducing energy demand (nitrogen)

6. Availability of macro & micronutrients
Source: de Haes et al. 2012. Schaarste van micronutriënten in bodem, voedsel en minerale voorraden:
Urgentie en opties voor beleid. Utrecht, Netherlands, Platform Landbouw, Innovatie & Samenleving.
AND Chardon & Oenema, 2013. Verkenning mogelijke schaarste aan micronutriënten in het
voedselsysteem, Wageningen: Alterra Wageningen UR.
A simplistic way of expressing resource scarcity
R/P ratio = reserve / production

7. Nutrient challenges in Europe

8. Phosphorus use in the EU-27
Detergent,
wood, paper
& fibres
Crops, fish,
food products &
mineral additives
Animal feed,
mineral additives
& live animals
Mineral fertiliser,
seeds & pesticides
Solid & liquid
organic waste
Organic waste
Wood, paper &
fibres
Slaughter
residues, solid &
liquid waste
Crops &
food products
Manure losses
Live animals
Leaching & runoff
Seeding materials
Input
2392
Output
1468
Flows & stocks in Gg = Mkg = kton P per year
Van Dijk et al. (2016)

9. Per ha phosphorus use EU-27 vs NL
Van Dijk KC, Lesschen JP, Oenema O.
Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States
Sci Total Environ 2016.
DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.048
Flows & stocks in:
kg P / hectare agricultural land /year

10. Nutrient hotspots in Europe
Annual regional agricultural P
balances [kg P/ha] for EU-15
Source: Grizzetti
& Aloe, 2007

11. Agricultural P balances per country for
2005 & period 1905-2005
Van Dijk et al. (submitted)Van Dijk et al. (2016)
128 Mtons P accumulated
in agricultural soils between 1905 -2005

12. Nutrient challenges in the Netherlands

13. Phosphorus flows in NL for 2011
IMPORT
110.5 ± 4.0
EXPORT
69.0 ± 4.0
SURPLUS
41.6 ± 3.9
Smit et al. 2015. A substance flow analysis of phosphorus in the food production, processing and
consumption system of the Netherlands. DOI 10.1007/s10705-015-9709-2
Gg P per year

14. Phosphorus balance & losses in NL in 2011
Import Export Net balance
Fertilizer 7 +7
Feed 67.1 +67.1
Food 32.9 49.2 -16.3
Non-food 3.4 1.3 +2.1
Animals 0.2 +0.2
Manure 16 -16
Waste 2.4 -2.4
TOTAL 110.6 68.9 41.7
Potential losses Gg P/year
Sequestered 23.2
Accumulation soils 11.8
Emissions to water 6.6
TOTAL 41.6
Smit et al. 2015. A substance flow analysis of phosphorus in
the food production, processing and consumption system of
the Netherlands. DOI 10.1007/s10705-015-9709-2

15. Average phosphate surplus in Dutch
agriculture 1880-2010
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year
Surplus,kgP2O5/ha
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Cumulativesurplus,kgP2
O5
/ha
Annual
Cumulative
Target
2015
1 kg P = 2.29 kg P2O5
Ehlert et al., 2011

16. Animal feed P origin in EU-27
Source: Miterra-Europe model, CAPRI &
FAOSTAT data 2003-2005

17. 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
DomesticfoodPsupply[kg/ca/year]
Animal
Plant
Domestic food P supply & intake in EU-27
Domestic food P supply
necessary to fullfill human
dietary P intake requirements at
consumption level
Van Dijk et al. (submitted)
Minimum P intake requirement
Mean EU P intake
Maximum P intake level

18. Reuse of organic waste in EU-27
Based on Barth et al. 2008

19. Sludge destinations in EU-27 in 2010
Source: P-Rex, FP7 project, www.p-rex.eu;
based on Eurostat 2010, Milieu Ltd 2010 &
Destatis 2011

20. Nutrient challenges in a city: Rotterdam

21. Source: Kirsimaa & van Dijk
(2013). Urban farming in
Rotterdam: an opportunity for
sustainable phosphorus
management. MSc thesis,
Wageningen University
http://kimovandijk.weebly.co
m/rotterdam
Phosphorus (P) flows in
Rotterdam city in 2011
related to
households
(HH, yellow)
and
non-households (NHH,
blue)
Quantities in tons
P/year
Uncertainty range in %

22. Source: Kirsimaa & van Dijk
(2013). Urban farming in
Rotterdam: an opportunity for
sustainable phosphorus
management. MSc thesis,
Wageningen University
http://kimovandijk.weebly.co
m/rotterdam
Phosphorus (P) flows in
Rotterdam city in 2011
related to
households
(HH, yellow)
and
non-households (NHH,
blue)
Quantities in tons
P/year
Uncertainty range in %

23. Destination
P flows from Rotterdam
households
Tons P
/year
% of
total
Incineration
Sludge 261.4 44.9
Organic waste 122.9 21
Cat & other animal excreta 44.7 7.7
Textiles 11.2 1.9
Paper & carton 7.4 1.3
Household & sanitary paper 0.8 0.1
Wood 0.6 0.1
Environment &
sequestration
Dog excreta 61.4 10.6
Effluent wastewater 58.5 10.1
Compost
Garden waste 2.4 0.4
Organic waste 1.2 0.2
Bioenergy plant
Wood 1.4 0.2
Garden waste 1 0.2
Recycling & reuse
Paper & carton 4.2 0.7
Textiles 2.2 0.4
Wood 0.6 0.1
Total P quantity 582 100%
Source: Kirsimaa & van Dijk (2013). Urban farming in Rotterdam:
an opportunity for sustainable phosphorus management. MSc thesis,
Wageningen University http://kimovandijk.weebly.com/rotterdam
Urban farming area = 32 ha
Potential P availability: 17,875 kg P/ha
Max. application limits arable land (NL): 19,984 ha required

24. P losses from Rotterdam households
98.2%
0.6% 1.2%
Household P destinations
Lost
Reused
Recycled
21.5%
11.3%
45.7%
0.4%
10.2%
10.8%
Lost P destinations
Incineration of
organic waste
Incineration of non-
food solid waste
Incineration of
sludge
Biomass/energy
production
Effluent water to
surface water
Dog excreta left in
parks/incinerated
Source: Kirsimaa & van Dijk (2013). Urban
farming in Rotterdam: an opportunity for
sustainable phosphorus management. MSc
thesis, Wageningen University
http://kimovandijk.weebly.com/rotterdam

25. Transition towards sustainable P use
•remove non-essential P inputs (e.g. detergents)
•match P requirements more closely (precision
agriculture)
•utilise legacy P stores
Realign P inputs
•optimise input management
•minimise runoff and erosion
•strategic retention zones
Reduce P losses
to water
•avoid wastage
•improve utilization efficiency
•adopt integrated production systems
Recycle P
in bioresources
•recover P in societies' wastes
•produce fertilizer substitutes
Recover P in
wastes
•influence dietary choice
•define end-user P requirements
•re-connect crop and animal production systems
Redefine P in
the food chain
Withers, Van Dijk, et al. (2015): Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: the case of Europe

26. Dutch Nutrient Platform
 From problem to opportunity: closing the P cycle
and other nutrients
 Joint responsibility of all value chain stakeholders
 P value chain agreement: create a market for
recycled phosphorus
● 35 organisations, concrete milestones,
clear goals
 Actions
● Removing barriers in legislation
preventing market creation
● Raising awareness, sharing success stories
of nutrient recycling
● Facilitating concrete projects
and business cases
www.nutrientplatform.org

27. Dutch Success Stories in nutrient recycling
Success stories in the Netherlands www.nutrientplatform.org/succesverhalen
For Europe: www.phosphorusplatform.eu/successstories

28. Wastewater nutrient recycling

29. Manure nutrient recycling

30. Bureau de Helling GroenLinks symposium Circulair met fosfaat Amersfoort, 12th May 2017
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Regulatory drivers - EU
 2014: EU Consultative Communication on Sustainable Use of Phosphorus
 2014: phosphate rock on EU Critical Raw Materials List
 2015: EU Circular Economy Package
 2016: EU Fertilisers Regulation
revision proposal (underway)
 2016: CEN position on standards
needs to support P-recycling
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/natres/phosphorus.htm
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-377_en.htm

31. Bureau de Helling GroenLinks symposium Circulair met fosfaat Amersfoort, 12th May 2017
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Regulatory drivers – national
 2005: Denmark tax on P in livestock feed
 2013: Denmark Resource Strategy
80% recycling of sewage P
(in.biosolids to crops (objectives only)
 2013: Baltic HELCOM Ministerial Declaration
to “enhance” P recycling
 2015: Sweden 40% P and 10% N recycling
inc.biosolids to crops (objectives only)
 2015: Netherland recovered P added to
fertiliser regulations inc.struvite
 2016: Switzerland decree P-recovery
from sewage (obligation - promulgated)
 2016: Germany decree P-recovery from sewage
(obligation wwtp > 50 kpe,notified to EU)
 2017: Austria plans for sewerage P-recycling

32. Bureau de Helling GroenLinks symposium Circulair met fosfaat Amersfoort, 12th May 2017
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
2016- 2017 EU Fertilisers Regulation
- Currently in Council - Parliament decision process
- Fertilisers (mineral & organic), soil amendments,etc
- EU criteria for composts,digestates,
food industry wastes and animal by-products
- Sewage biosolids excluded
- No provision for traceability
- STRUBIAS JRC expert group underway,
addition of: struvite,ashes,biochars
- Large discussions about contaminations (Cd)
and definition organic vs.mineral fertilisers
- Many issues remaining! see www.phosphorusplatform.eu/regulatory
http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/15949

33. Global nutrient recycling in practise
Dutch recovered struvite sailed back to south America to be used as fertiliser to grow cacao
beans for chocolate factory in Amsterdam (www.treshombresreep.nl)

34. Local nutrient recycling in practise
Festival collected urine used for growing barley for the production of beer in Denmark
(Pisner made by local brewery Norrebro Bryghus, Copenhagen)

35. Thank you for
your attention
Questions? Suggestions? Collaboration?
kimovandijk@phosphorusplatform.eu
kimovandijk@gmail.com
Twitter: www.twitter.com/kimovandijk
Website: kimovandijk.weebly.com

36. Additional literature and links
 Van Dijk et al. 2016. Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States.
 Withers et al. 2015. Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: The case of Europe.
 Schoumans et al. 2015. Phosphorus management in Europe in a changing world.
 Withers et al. 2015, Greening the global phosphorus cycle: How green chemistry can help achieve planetary P sustainability.
 Outcomes 2nd Scientific European Phosphorus Workshop in Wageningen: http://www.wageningenur.nl/sepw2013
 Lesschen et al. 2013. Options for closing the phosphorus cycle in agriculture; Assessment of options for Northwest Europe
and the Netherlands. edepot.wur.nl/289653
 K.A. Wyant, J.R. Corman, and J.J. Elser. Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future. Oxford University Press, New York City, New
York, USA. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199916832.do#.UcHr6fY6VVM
 European Commission - Sustainable Phosphorus Use:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/IR7.pdf
 Dutch Nutrient Platform: www.nutrientenplatform.nl and
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform: www.phosphorusplatform.eu

37. Bureau de Helling GroenLinks symposium Circulair met fosfaat Amersfoort, 12th May 2017
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
ESPP: a coalition for action
• Bring together industry, R&D, authorities, stakeholders
water & waste industries,mineral and organic fertilisers,
chemicals, P-recycling technology suppliers,national & regional
governments,knowledge institutes …
• Build awareness and share a vision
for sustainable phosphorus in Europe
• Dialogue & network expertise and experience
• Assess and propose policy & regulatory developments
• Disseminate innovation, business cases, value chains
www.phosphorusplatform.eu/enews