General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
L1 joints
1. AS / A Level Sport and Physical Education
AS Unit G451 An Introduction to Physical Education
Previous
Next
2. Today we are going to concentrate on the
joints in the human body.
JOINT- A place where two or more bones
meet.
Previous
Next
3. Types of Joints
There are 3 main types of joint found in the body.
1. Fixed or Immoveable Joints
The bones at an immoveable joint cannot move they overlap or interlock, and are held together by
a tough fibre, e.g. the skull.
2. Slightly Moveable Joints
The bones at a slightly moveable joint can only move
a little - they are held together by strong straps
called ligaments and are joined by protective pads
known as cartilage, e.g. the ribs.
3. Freely Moveable Joints
At a freely moveable joint the bones move freely.
They are also known as synovial joints, and
are the largest group of joints found in the body,
e.g. the hips, shoulders and knees.
Previous
Next
4. Joints
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINT BY
STRUCTURE
Fibrous: Have no cavity and are held together
by fibrous connective tissue – e.g. the sutures of
the skull bones
Cartilaginous: Also have no cavity. There is
cartilage between the bones of the joint. May be
found between the vertebrae of the spine
Synovial: Has a fluid filled cavity surrounded by
an articular capsule. The articulating surfaces are
covered in hyaline cartilage – e.g. the hinge joint
of the knee
Previous
Next
5. Joints
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINT BY
MOVEMENT
Fibrous or synarthrosis: Does not allow any
movement, which makes more sense when you
know where in the body they occur, as they
supply protection – e.g. for the brain
Cartilaginous or amphiarthrosis: Allows
only limited movement
Synovial or diarthrosis: Is freely moving, as
much as the shape of the articulating surface will
allow.
Previous
Next
7. Joints
JOINT / MOVEMENT TYPES
Joint type
Shape of joint
Ball + socket
ball shaped bone fits
Hinge
convex and concave
surfaces fitting together
Movement range
3 axes F/E AB/AD R C
into cup shaped socket
1 axis F/E
Pivot
ring shaped surrounding
process of axis
a cone
Gliding
two flat gliding surfaces
Previous
knee : femur, patella, tibia
elbow : humerus, radius, ulna
spine / atlas : odontoid
(turns head from side to side)
elbow : proximal ends of radius and ulna
modified ball and socket
fingers : metacarpals,
giving circumduction
shaped like a saddle
giving circumduction
hip : femur, acetabulum of pelvis
shoulder : scapula, humerus
1 axis R
Condyloid
Saddle
Body place : articulating bones
2 axes F/E AB/AD C
knuckle joints of
phalanges
wrist : radius, carpals
2 axes F/E AB/AD C
joint at base of thumb : carpal,
metacarpal
a little in all directions
centre of chest : clavicle, sternum
wrist : carpals
ankle : tarsals
spine : articulating surfaces of vertebrae
Next
8. In the picture below the ball and socket joint at the hip allows the player
to get height and then the ball and socket joint at the shoulder allows
him to SLAM DUNK!!
Previous
Next
13. Knowledge of Joints
RELATIONSHIP of MUSCULAR SYSTEM to SKELETAL
SYSTEM
TEN DO N S
a tt tt a c h m u s c ll e tt o b o
a ach m u sc e o b o
v ii a P E R II O S T E U M
v a PER O STEUM
e x a m p ll e :: a c h ii ll e s tt e n
x a m p e a c h ll e s e n
e
FASCIA
ne
ne
don
don
LIGAM ENTS
TS
c o n n e c t iv e t is s u e
e x a m p le : e p im y s iu m
M USCULAR
ATTACH M EN TS
a t t a c h b o n e tt oo bb oo nn ee
e x a m p le : k nn ee ee jj oo i inn t t
le
c r u c i a t e l igg aa m ee nn tt ss
i m
PERIO STEAL
LAYERS
a t t a c h t e n d o n s t o bb oo nn ee
AA PP O NN EE U R O S II S
O
UROS S
l
aa f fl aa t t t t ee nn ee dd r r i ibb bb oo nn
sshh aa pp ee dd t t ee nn dd oo nn
NAMES OF MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS
example : biceps
ORIGIN (static end) : coracoid process / glenoid fossa tubercle of humerus
INSERTION (moving end) : tuberosity of radius
(specific knowledge of origins and insertions will not be examined)
Previous
Next
14. Cartilage : Tendons: Ligaments: What ’s the difference?
Cartilage
Tendons
Ligaments
Tough
Attaches bone to muscle
Attaches bone to bone
Flexible
Sturdy
Elastic
At end of bone
Non elastic
Stabilise
Cushions
Size changes depending
on muscle
Made of many fibres
Anchor
Strong
Previous
Next
16. Types of Synovial Joints
Freely moveable (synovial) joints can
be divided into six groups depending upon
how they move.
KEY
Ball & Socket
Joint
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Gliding Joint
Saddle Joint
Condyloid Joint
Previous
Next
17. Joints
Synovial Joints
•
The articular capsule is a fibrous tissue encasing
the joint, forming a capsule
•
The synovial membrane acts as a lining to the
joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid
•
The articular/hyaline cartilage covers the ends of
the articulating bones
•
Synovial fluid fills the joint capsule nourishes and
lubricates the articular cartilage
Previous
Next
18. Joints
Synovial Joints
• Ligaments are white fibrous connective tissues
joining bone to bone, making the joint more stable
•
Bursa is found where tendons are in contact with
bone. It forms a fluid filed sac between the tendon
and bone and helps reduce friction
•
Articular discs of cartilage act as shock absorbers
•
Pads of fat act as buffers to protect the bones form
wear and tear
Previous
Next
21. Hinge Joint
• elbow
• between phalanges
Gliding Joint
• between carpals
• between tarsals
8-10
Previous
Next
AS Module 1A.21
22. Pivot Joint
• between proximal
ends of radius and
ulna
Saddle Joint
• between carpal and
metacarpal of thumb
8-11
Previous
Next
AS Module 1A.22
23. Shoulder Joint
• ball-and-socket
• head of humerus
• glenoid cavity of
scapula
• loose joint capsule
• bursae
• ligaments prevent
displacement
• very wide range of
movement
8-15
Previous
Next
AS Module 1A.23
24. Elbow Joint
• hinge joint
• trochlea of humerus
• trochlear notch of
ulna
• gliding joint
• capitulum of
humerus
• head of radius
• flexion and extension
• many reinforcing
ligaments
• stable joint
Previous
Next
8-17
25. Hip Joint
• ball-and-socket joint
• head of femur
• acetabulum
• heavy joint capsule
• many reinforcing
ligaments
• less freedom of
movement than
shoulder joint
8-19
Previous
Next
26. Knee Joint
• largest joint
• most complex
• medial and lateral
condyles of distal end of
femur
• medial and lateral
condyles of proximal end
of tibia
• femur articulates
anteriorly with patella
• modified hinge joint
• flexion/extension/little
rotation
Previous
Next
• strengthened by many
ligaments and tendons
• menisci separate femur
and tibia
8-21
• bursae
AS Module 1A.26
28. Which Movements?
• Look through the following slides and consider
the types of joint, movement allowed in each of
the sporting activities shown.
Previous
Next
AS Module 1A.28