1. Types of Guidance and
their impact upon
effective performance

2. Learning Objectives
 Describe different types of guidance
 Evaluate critically these guidance
types

3. Recap of the stages of
learning.
 What are the three stages of
learning?
 Cognitive
 Associative
 Autonomous
 Identify the key features to each
stage.

4. Types of guidance.
 Visual guidance.
 Verbal guidance.
 Manual
 Mechanical guidance.
 http://www.peshare.co.uk/videos/view/2

5. Visual guidance.
 What forms of visual guidance might
be used in the process of learning?
 Demonstrations
 Video/film/TV/slow motion.
 Poster/slides
 Modify the display (e.g. target areas
on a badminton court for the over-
head clear)

6. A Chest Pass
 Demonstrating the
chest pass to
beginners is
important

7. Visual Guidance
 Used at all stages of learning, which
phase of learning would it be especially
good?
 Cognitive Phase – Why?

8. At what stage of learning would
you use Visual Guidance?
 Usually the dominant sense, it helps form a
mental pic of what to learn
 Important that correct demo’s are used, why?
 Key aspects of the skill must be emphasised.
(selective attention)
 Demo’s can be combined with verbal guidance

9. Other Visual Guidance
 Wall Charts
 Pictures
 Diagrams
 These are all useful for highlighting technical
points particularly for what skills?
 Complex skills
 All not as good as dynamic visual aids
 Modifying a display – marking out an area in a
badminton court to serve to on a clipboard

10. Visual Guidance
 Modifying a court on a clipboard, will
reduce overload of information
 Bright coloured equipment can help
beginners focus on what’s important

11. Where else is visual
learning used?
 Modern day teams/ind now use
video analysis.
 Why?
 See where they can improve, and
set targets for themselves
 See a mental picture of what they
should do

12. Drawbacks to Visual
guidance
 Demo’s must be accurate (asking for
someone else to demo)
 Complex skills may contain too
much info to demo
 Static visual aids may not give
enough info + may not keep
learners attention

13. Verbal Guidance
 Frequently used
 Normally with Visual guidance (focus
on important parts)

14. What was important when you
received the verbal guidance?
 It is important that verbal guidance is:
 Clear/precise
 Relatively short
 Appropriate to the level of performer
 Not over used

15. Feedback from a coach

16. Drawbacks to Verbal
guidance
 Teacher/Coach must be able to get the
info across – learners must be able to
relate info to the skill
 Amount of info must be limited
 Complex skills may be difficult to explain
– learner can become bored

17. Manual Guidance
 Involves holding or physically manipulating the
body
 E.G. guiding the learner through a swimming
stroke or handstand
 Useful in potentially dangerous situations.

18. Mechanical guidance.
 Mechanical is similar to manual, but using
equipment instead of your body E.G. float in
swimming
 E.g. using a float in swimming, or a harness in
trampolining
 Learner can experience the spatial and timing of
the movement (kinaesthetic sense of part of the
movement)
 Can improve confidence of beginners
 Manual and mechanical guidance are useful in
the cognitive phase of learning

19. Mechanical Guidance
 This guidance is useful during early
stages of learning
 Good to keep learner safe during
dangerous activities
 Important to take this guidance
away ASAP.

20. Drawbacks to
mechanical/manual guidance
 Feel of movement is not the same
as doing it yourself
 Limited to early learners
 Eliminates mistakes, so no
correction is done
 Difficult with a large group

21. Task
 Connect the guidance types to the
best learning phase; explain why
you’ve chosen these.
 Complete Advantages and
Disadvantages sheet

22. FLASHCARDS
 A revision tool