ERAU IT Ergonomic Assessment

Ergonomic Assessment
of the IT Department
Paulo Davila
Aaron D’souza
Aaron Doperalski

Table of Contents
Goals and Objectives..................................................................................................................................... 4
Pre-Assessment............................................................................................................................................. 4
Management Survey ................................................................................................................................. 4
Our Ergonomic Committee ................................................................................................................... 5
Job Description...................................................................................................................................... 6
Restrictions ........................................................................................................................................... 8
Employee Survey....................................................................................................................................... 8
Results ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Apparatuses Used ................................................................................................................................... 10
Assessment ................................................................................................................................................. 11
Entrance Interview .................................................................................................................................. 11
Walkthrough and Visual Inspection ........................................................................................................ 12
Physical Demands ................................................................................................................................... 18
Work-related Muscle Skeletal Disorders ............................................................................................ 18
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ..................................................................................................................... 19
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome and Rotator Cuff Tendinitis ...................................................................... 19
Tension Neck Syndrome ..................................................................................................................... 20
Lower Back Disorders.......................................................................................................................... 20
Solutions and Implementation ................................................................................................................... 22
General Solutions .................................................................................................................................... 22
Keyboard ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Laptop Use .......................................................................................................................................... 23
Chair Selection .................................................................................................................................... 24
Visual Angles of Monitors ................................................................................................................... 26
Training ................................................................................................................................................... 27
Organization ........................................................................................................................................ 27
Safe lifting practice ............................................................................................................................. 28
Cost/Benefit Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 28
Exit Interview .......................................................................................................................................... 29
The Overall Assessment and Monitoring ................................................................................................ 30
Works Cited ................................................................................................................................................. 31

2 Ergonomic Assessment of the IT Department

Appendix A .................................................................................................................................................. 33
Appendix B ................................................................................................................................................. 34
Appendix C .................................................................................................................................................. 35
Appendix D .................................................................................................................................................. 36
Appendix E .................................................................................................................................................. 38


Goals and Objectives

Ergonomics is defined as the study of human machine interactions and improving those

interactions. Ergonomics is concentrated in the interactions between human and machine along

with the environment. By improving the interactions between these elements, efficiency can be

increased. We will perform a series of analysis to seek and solve any unhealthy conditions. For

this particular assessment we will be working on the IT department of Embry-Riddle

Aeronautical University.

Pre-Assessment

Management Survey

The IT department, information technology department, is in charge of fixing or updating

any computer or technological errors within Embry-Riddle’s campus. The IT department is

composed of “on the field workers”, supervisors, and management (all in that order). The “on the

field workers” are in charge of the manual labor, while the supervisor is in charge of delivering

or implementing any information, news, or changes that management creates. Our ergonomic

assessment will concentrate on the “on the field workers”. The reason behind this is due to the

fact that these “on the field workers” are exposed to several environments, all creating unique

individual problems.

Before performing an ergonomic assessment, it is important to know why it is needed. As

we all know the system is composed of three essential parts: Machine, Personnel, and

Environment. Without one the system will not function well or at all. The reason behind an

ergonomic assessment is to improve the Environment for the Personnel and make sure they


execute tasks efficiently and safely. If the Personnel are injured due to being exposed to

numerous risks of injury, their deteriorating health will cause a fatal problem to the system. Our

goals and objectives for our ergonomics program are to prevent MSD (Muscle Skeletal

Disorder), provide efficiency within the work place by eliminating any room for possible

injuries, providing employee(s) with sufficient knowledge of proper postural techniques when

executing a task, and also to improve the overall system for maximum efficiency and decrease

any risk of injury.

The following will be evaluated in this assessment: First we will look at Muscular

Skeletal Disorders that can be caused from improper methods of task execution and can impact

the efficiency and overall performance of the operator.Then we will assess the workplace

ergonomicsof correct posture and visual acuity, as well as keeping things organized so that they

are easily accessible. Also we will look at proper employee task execution and work methods

that will decrease physical and mental workloads. By doing this we will increase the

effectiveness of the work station and how it is used.

Our Ergonomic Committee

An Ergonomic Committee should be created to increase awareness of an unhealthy

workplace and the negative consequences along to notify that you will need their co-operation.

There are two main groups within the work place that should be alerted and allowed to

participate in the ergonomics committee. The employees should be in the committee due to

various reasons. The first reason is to obtain the workers perspective on the system and how it’s

ran. With this perspective we are able to obtain information that may pertain to any risk of injury

in the system that are naked to the higher-up’s eyes. By knowing any risks of injuries that

employees are exposed to, we are able to create an ergonomic assessment. The employees are


SMEs (Subject Matter Experts), they can provide any additional information on how to improve

work execution, such as: work schedule, essential tools, organization, and positive/negative

feedback on current or past work methods.

Supervisors should also be included in the ergonomics committee for very important

reasons. The main reason they should be included is due to their contribution to the system,

which affects any one below them in the hierarchy of the work force. They are responsible to

enforce the current or new methods to perform tasks, along with communicating the system

progress and state to their higher-ups. If there is a flaw that is not obvious to the supervisors’

eyes, this may put the health and safety of the employees at risk. The importance of the

employees’ health is due to the fact that they are one of the main labor on which the system

works on. Management should also be included due to the fact they are in charge on the final

decisions on changes and budget.

Job Description

The formal job descriptions and requirements, which are created by management, are

obtained from the job application on Embry Riddle’s Eagle Hire Network. This information is

important for several reasons. The first reason behind the importance is to have a formal written

copy in order to create a comparison of the management’s knowledge of the tasks executed by

the employees against the employees’ report of the actual tasks done. The second reason is after

the comparison and the Ergonomic Assessment is complete, we will revise this job description

and requirements to convey the proper information. The third reason is to use this job description

to give us background knowledge in order to create survey questions, interviews, and analysis.

Both the job description and requirements will help us evaluate and revise the current IT training

programs and organization of the tasks.


Job Description:Student technician will provide frontline support of faculty and students in labs and classrooms. Key duties are to
install, configure and upgrade operating systems and software, using standard business and administrative packages; may modify
specific applications for special use. Install, assemble and configure computers, monitors, and peripherals such as printers, scanners
and related hardware. Pulls cables and rewires or directs the rewiring of cables as required for new installations and office
reconfiguration. Student technician will assess problems with computer systems, including troubleshooting hardware and software,
network and peripheral equipment problems; make repairs and corrections where required. Student will assist technical staff with
installations, setup and troubleshooting of University computing equipment as well as support of computing software applications.
Have the ability to work with minimum supervision. Must be able to lift 50 pounds Job duties also entail answering the IT
emergency support phone at least 2 hours per week. Various other duties and projects within the department as assigned. Operating
Hours extend from 7:30am until 9pm weekdays (M-F). We operate year-round regardless of semester calendars. Availability in
between semesters is preferred.

Job Requirement:Must possess mobility to work in a standard office setting and to use standard office equipment, including a
computer, stamina to maintain attention to detail despite interruptions, strength to lift and carry objects weighing up to 50 pounds.
Must possess knowledge of computer hardware, software and peripherals such as monitors, cables, network systems, printers, and
plotters; procedures for installing, configuring, upgrading, troubleshooting and repairing applicable software, hardware and
peripherals; Techniques for explaining technical concepts and procedures to non-technical users. Freshmen & Sophomore students
highly encouraged to apply. Must possess good communication and speaking skills. Discretion is an absolute. Windows XP a must
and Linux experience preferred.

On the table above, is the formal job description and requirements found on Embry-

Riddle’s Eagle Hire Network. Management describes the job by the tasks the employees will

have to face and describes the requirements with the workspace the employees will encounter.

Reporting the different working environments and task shows that management is aware of the

physical standards and working conditions they should maintain. Although they report what

equipment the employees will use, there is no description of the structure or organization of the

workplace. This brings up the concern if they know that the working conditions are safe.


Restrictions

Unfortunately, we were unable to create a meeting with management due to conflict

among our schedules and their busy working schedules. Although we weren’t able to meet

management, we were able to set up a meeting with the IT department’s ex-supervisor and

current “on the field” employee. This employee worked for the IT department for almost three

years; he was a supervisor for three semesters and on the field employee for two semesters. He

was the ideal candidate to perform this assessment on for three reasons: He is not affected by the

Hawthorne Affect, He is a SME (subject matter expert), and he was the only one willing to

participate. During our interview he was able to provide us with the information about whom

and what are responsible for budget and implementation of changes. He mentioned that the

budget for ergonomic changes are low due to the overall budget of the department is low. He

also informed us that the management is charge of deciding on changes, while the supervisors

are in charge of implementing them.

Employee Survey

The employee’s survey consists of various questions that are based on the formal job

description/requirements, background knowledge of the job, and open questions. This is a vital

part of the assessment because we will use the results to direct us to the proper analysis we

should use and provide a guideline of what to expect during the visual walk through. One

important aspect of the survey is to that it will provide us with a concrete and abstract

perspective of the employee.


Each question was created based on the information we were looking for. We integrated

questions with a rating system to gain abstract information. The rating scale will go through 1 to

7 due to that people usually do not go to the extreme low or high but somewhere in between.

This helps us distinguish between high and low ratings and moderate ratings. The survey can be

found in the Appendix A.

Results

For the first question of the survey we asked the employee to rate the exposure of

unhealthy and unsafe conditions of the two different workstations (garage and office) from 1 to

7, 1 being the lowest and 7 being the highest. He rated the office a 3 and the garage a 6. When he

was asked to describe his ratings in the following question, we discovered his perception of work

injuries. He stated that the reason behind the low rating on the office environment was due to the

fact he didn’t see any possible injuries besides Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. This was insightful

because it showed us how management did not expose both the supervisor and “on-the-field”

employees of the risk of different workplace injuries. He also explained that he rated the garage

high due to the muscle strain of lifting objects constantly. The third question asked to rate the

need of technology of each environment based on three choices (Not enough technology, Proper

technology, and Too much technology). This was essential to find out if the exposure of unsafe

working conditions was based on lack or surplus of technology. He answered and explained his

choices for both environments. He answered that there was proper technology on both

environments and explained that the needed hardware wasn’t the problem but the organization of

the workplace. This gave us a guideline on what to expect in our visual and walk through

inspection. On the fifth question he was asked if there were supervisory or managerial causes of

unsafe/unhealthy workplace. He briefly explained that although management and supervisors


were in charge of organization, they let the “on-the-field” employees take care of it. He stated

that hardware and workplace organization was left to the “on-the-field” employees due to the

fact that they should make the office suitable to their work and comfort. This creates a problem

because an employee doesn’t always know what the proper method of organization. The last

question asked the employee what he would change in the working environments to make it

healthier, happier, and more productive. He answered that organization of tools and hardware

using labels would be part of his revision.

Apparatuses Used

For each part of this assessment we prepared ourselves with specific tools according to

the task. These items varied from documents to actual hardware. For the entrance interview, we

prepared ourselves by bringing the survey the employee took, a series of close and open

questions for the actual interview, a summary of background knowledge of the job, and a

standard paper and pencil. Every item was of important use but the three items that helped us

during our interview process the most were the survey, interview questions, and the summary of

background knowledge. This items and their importance of their roles will be described in the

interview portion of this assessment. For the visual inspection of the job a camera, Osha

workplace checklist, timeline (activity analysis) chart, measuring tape, and writing utensils were

used. Both the camera and the measuring tape were of great use in order to obtain exact

measurements and capture certain task being executed.


Assessment
Entrance Interview

Before beginning the assessment, we interviewed our test subject with questions similar

to the ones in the survey. The purpose of the entrance interview is to evaluate the employee’s

(test subject) knowledge of workplace injuries and proper working stations. It will also provide

us with a workers perspective and insight of how the workplace runs. Before we began, we

explained the purpose of the entrance interview and what it is going to consist of. Four open-

ended questions are asked during the interview to avoid redundant information that was obtained

through the survey; these questions can be found in AppendixB.

First, we asked the employee to describe the daily tasks he had to execute. He informed

us that the usual daily tasks are manual repairs within the office. The repairs varied from

computers to projectors and everything in between, while the length of the repair depends on

what exactly needed to be repaired. The following question asked the employee to describe any

unsafe working conditions. He only described the physical strains he encountered in the garage

(storage unit) and did not mention the office workstation. The physical strains he mentioned

were the constant lifting of heavy objects and the cluster of items on shelves. Afterwards, we

asked to explain the role of organization in the workplace. He informed us that the overall

organization of tasks and quotas is a tangled mess and hardware/tool organization was non-

existing. He went on explaining that hardware and tools were scattered around the office and the

garage, many of them have no labels. The final question asked the employee to describe any

changes he would change within the workplace. He only stated the change of organization in the

garage.


This entrance interview gave us the perspective of the employee. Based on the

employee’s answers, it became obvious that he was not aware of office injuries besides the

common carpal tunnel syndrome and lifting injuries. By using this knowledge of the subject we

were able to implement awareness during the solution. The interview also gave us insight on

what to expect during the visual inspection so we won’t be unprepared. The entrance interview

was an essential part of this assessment.

Walkthrough and Visual Inspection

In order to discover any unhealthy working conditions, it was necessary to perform a

visual and walk through inspection. When doing a visual and walk through inspection it is

essential to come prepared with tools, such as hardware and documents. We prepared ourselves

with an activity chart, a list of activities based on the interview and job description, to expect

what to encounter during the inspection. We also brought along the OSHA workplace checklist,

paper and pencil, a camera, and a measuring tape. There are two environments we will be

inspecting: the garage (storage unit) and the office.


As stated by the test subject during the interview, the office’s function is to provide an

environment where most repairs are done. The office is laid out with three desks, all designated

for different functions, and it is 25x10 feet. The small desk, as you can see on the picture above,

is mainly used for manual labor that last between 5 to 15 minutes. According the activity chart

(appendix ???), the majority of the tasks is manual labor. This consists of opening up computers,

printers, and projectors and replacing hardware. Usually when performing these tasks the

employee must stand up due to the nature of the task. There are several unhealthy working

conditions on this working station alone. In the picture above, it can clearly be seen that the desk

height (approximately 3 feet in height and 8 feet in length) is too small to execute the task while

standing up. When performing the task the employee must use the computer to open up

documents (such as manuals, instructional videos, etc.) for guidance. The combination of height

and task requirements creates a conflict due to the screen is not eye level, which will cause the

employee to constantly be hunched over.This exposes the employee to the risks of WMSD,

which we will talk about in the following sections of this assessment. Along with these

conditions, not enough workspace is provided to perform the task due to the cluster of objects

scattered on the desk. The scattered items are a combination of obsolete hardware, random paper


work, and tasks that currently done or being worked on. The employee is unable to remove these

items because it is unclear if it will interfere with any other employees work.

Another big issue was the overall organization of the office. The tools needed to execute

the tasks were scattered around the offices along with miscellaneous materials. An example is

given in the picture below, where the tool draws are filled with one or two tools along with pens

and books. When looking at the results of the activity charts, there was a pattern of the employee

constantly getting up and searching throughout the office for the proper tools. This causes the

employee to constantly move heavy objects, such as boxes, around to find the proper tools. The

employee is then exposed to physical injuries and an increase of mental workload. The task itself

suffers from time inefficiency.


The secondary workstation is the high desk, which is directly across the small desk. After

the employee is finished with the manual tasks, he has to log in the tasks he has executed into the

IT database. This roughly takes around 5 minutes to accomplish successfully and with no

complications. When complications are shown, the employee uses the phones provided to

contact management or other employees. The problem encountered during this process is that the

phone is out of arms reach, which could cause muscular injuries. When the employee is required

to search for written documents, he is force to go through various obstacles, as shown in the

picture below. Another issue is the placements of visuals (such as posters or pinned up

documents) are not within eye level.


On the picture above, we are able to see the third desk and the exposure of unhealthy

workplace conditions. The primary use for this desk is for long manual task and logging in tasks

within the database. When the employee performed a task, he had to constantly twist his body

and neck to face the screen (on the far right) then twist back to face the manual task (the far left).

Tools and posters were above eye level and hand reach. In order to reach tools, which are placed

on the top shelf, the employee will need a stool, which is not provided, to be able to successfully

see and get a hold of the tools. The posters and pinned up documents that the employee will need

are above and below eye level, which would cause the employee to be unable to obtain

information.


The second environment the employee is exposed to is the storage unit, which is a small

garage measuring 25x10 feet. The storage unit is composed of one shelf that contains labeled

boxes. Although the toolboxes are labeled, it is hard to reach due to boxes and random objects

blocking the shelves. When searching for tools the employee must first move the heavy objects

around in order to reach the shelves. As seen in the picture above, the various objects on the floor

cannot be organized for several reasons. The first reason is that there are no labels on the objects,

making it hard to distinguish the current tasks to the obsolete hardware. The second reason is if

an employee reorganizes the objects it might interfere with another employees current or future

task. The interference can be caused by accidently eliminating hardware that is currently worked

on.


Physical Demands

One major risk that can occur with a job that deals with manual labor is work-related

muscular skeletal disorders (WMSD). The Department of Defense states that these types of

disorders generally “are caused by repeated stress to the body from risk factors in the workplace” (DoD

2008, Sept). These factors include posture, repetition, force, long durations of tasks, contact stress,

temperature, and vibration, as well as being interconnected with already prevalent problems a person may

have as seen in Figure 1 (Appendix C). This figure shows how people who perform heavy physical

labor are subjected not only to forces and stresses from immediate physical environment, but

also to “mechanical forces generated within the body” (Salvendy 821). These external and

internal forces can combine together to create certain WMSDs that can impact all aspects of a

person life and their effectiveness at their work station.

Work-related Muscle Skeletal Disorders

As defined by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention WMSDs “are

musculoskeletal disorders (injuries or disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, cartilage,

and spinal discs) in which the work environment and performance of work contribute

significantly to the condition; and/or the condition is made worse or persists longer due to work

conditions” (Center for Disease Control). These disorders include a wide range of problems that

overall effect the health and well being of the worker, as well as their performance while on the

job. After reviewing the OSHA checklist (found in Appendix E) and visual walkthrough we saw

some of the more relevant WMSDs connected to our specific evaluation include Carpal Tunnel

Syndrome (CTS), Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS), Rotator Cuff Tendinitis (RCT), Tension

Neck Syndrome (TNS), and Lower Back Disorders (LBD).


Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

CTS is a result from awkward posture, direct compression, or inflammation when

working at any of the workstations. Typing, fixing computers, and filling out forms are just a few

examples of processes that can inflame this disorder. These factors can cause the median nerve to

receive damage. This condition can lead to permanent damage if not treated properly or in a

timely fashion. Common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include burning pain, numbness,

and a tingling sensation. This type of injury is very common in office setting workplaces due to

the use of computers, mainly mice and keyboards (DoD 2008, Nov).

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome and Rotator Cuff Tendinitis

TOS and RCT are both linked with repetitive motion of the arm or shoulder, but while

TOS is just performing a menial task frequently RCT is caused by motions made above shoulder

level. TOS is an issue that we saw from observing the participant operating at all three

workstations, especially the medium and small sized desks. The lack of leg space under the small

desk makes is so the operator has to repeatedly reach for various items, such as keyboard, phone,

tools, etc. increasing stress in Thoracic Outlet region (upper chest and shoulder area). Also the

structural redundancies at the medium desk, such as multiple screens and keyboards that have to

be used, make it so there is repeated stretching, again putting stress on this region. TOS can

result in “pain, early fatigue, tingling, or parathesthesias” (Hagberg) radiating from the hand to

the shoulder. Similarly, RCT is caused by this type of reaching and stretching above shoulder

level. This is seen particularly when the operator is working at the medium desk and has to reach

the higher shelves for tools necessary to perform the job. Also, this is a risk in the garage when

retrieving items it is necessary to strain this area reaching for heavy computers and equipment on


shelves much higher than shoulder level. This repeated high reaching produces “localized

shoulder pain with tenderness over the humeral head” (Hagberg) or rotary cuff causing stiffness

and a lack of motion. Having symptoms from both of these disorders can cause a lack of

alertness and a drop in efficiency and reaction time.

Tension Neck Syndrome

On the other hand TNS is caused from a lack of motion and constant straining of neck

and upper back muscles. This is a risk when working at the high and medium desk because it is

necessary to constantly pay attention to diagrams and monitors elevated beyond eye level. This

constant strain can result in “pain in the shoulder or neck in addition to tenderness over the

descending part of the trapezius [upper back/neck] muscle” (Hagberg). This, again, can cause a

slow in reaction time and efficiency due to the operator having to slow their motions because of

stiffness.

Lower Back Disorders

The most prevalent problem that can be seen in the work station we are assessing is LBD.

This disorder is caused by heavy lifting, lowering, carrying, pushing, pulling, holding and

repetitively bending over, which can be seen through studies that indicate “that lifting and MMH

[Manual Materials Handling] account for 50 to 75% of all back injuries” (Salvendy 820). A large

part of this particular job is a need to pick up materials that weigh up to 50lbs and transporting

them across campus. This alone causes a great deal of tension in the lower back, but there is also

the factor that at the small desk a large amount of time is spent hunched over because they

cannot effectively operate while sitting down. The characteristics of this disorder are sharp

shooting pain in the lower thoracic and lumbar areas of the back, as well as restriction of


rotational motion due to stiffness. These symptoms can result in an overall lack of effectiveness

of the operator due to a lack of ability to perform the tasks necessary and may result in loss of

job. Besides the fact that these disorders create pain for the operator and make it harder for them

to efficiently do their job they can also create a Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) because of

increased work load on the operator. CFS is characterized as creating “muscle fatigue, mental

fatigue, depression, viral infections, behavior problems, and impairments in attention and motor

functions” (Smith 261). If this disorder is formed it becomes not only a problem in the work

environment but also is an extreme health hazard that can seriously affect a user’s personal life.

In this assessment we will try to make is so we can decrease a users work load so as to decrease

their chance of creating WMSDs and in the long run stop CFS from happening.


Solutions and Implementation
General Solutions
Keyboard

One of the easiest ways to counteract the effects of Muscular Skeletal Disorders in an

office setting is to use ergonomic devices that assist in relieving the strain previously caused. For

example, ergonomic keyboards can be purchased to help relieve wrist injury. These keyboards

have the ability to reduce strain, but not all users find relief due to the fact that everyone is very

different and some things work better for others. It is very heavily noted that to accurately use an

ergonomic keyboard and expect results requires the use of the correct wrist and keyboard tray

(DoD 2003, Jan). The keyboard tray placement is very important to ensuring the correct

placement of the keyboard and mouse for optimum performance while greatly limiting the

effects of repetitive induced injuries. The main purpose of correct keyboard trays is to establish a

neutral posture of the body (DoD 2003, Jan).

Since we were working with no budget we came up with easy methods of implementing

these ideas without having to purchase items. In all three work station we decided to put a small

book or pad found around the work environment in front of the keyboard in attempt to simulate

the keyboard tray. This allows for the operator to rest their hands while typing and reduces

tension in the wrist and hands, limiting chance of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Also, we added that

the user should add folders under the keyboard in order to simulate the angle of elevation found

in ergonomically correct keyboards.


Laptop Use

The general design and concept defies all concepts that are based in ergonomics. This is

due to the theory that is backed by laptop producers, which is “one size fits all.” Laptop

manufacturers do not personally change the contour, shape, or size of the computer based on

each individual’s body dimensions. Instead, one machine, with only one set of dimensions is

sold, which requires the users to adapt to the machine, rather than the machine adapting to the

user. Even though laptops are so un-ergonomically sound, there are some methods that can be

implemented to help reduce the effects of the poorly designed technology. For example, a

comfortable chair without arm rests can be used to let the arms move freely. This reduces stress

on the wrists and helps promote a neutral position for the arms. Along with this, elbows should

be kept level with or slightly higher than the keyboard. The wrists should also maintain a neutral

position. To help with the poor visual angle created by laptop use, it is suggested that the screen

height be raised if at all possible. This reduces neck, back, and eye strain on the individual. The

most important method that can be used to reduce the negative effects caused by laptops is to

take frequent rest breaks from cramped positions that are very common with laptop use (DoD

2002, Oct)


Chair Selection

In order to sit in a chair and maintain a constant positive work performance, a neutral

spine position must be embraced. One of the most important factors that can help maintain a

neutral spine position is a properly selected and adjusted chair for an individual. The most

important thing is to select a chair that provides comfort and reduces pain on a subject by subject

basis. A chair that works in maintaining a neutral spine position for one person may not permit a

neutral spine position for another person. The following is a description of how one should go

about selecting a proper chair: The first chair component to be investigated is the backrest. A

backrest should have an independent height adjustment as well as an independent lumbar support

height adjustment. This provides the user with total control concerning back support. The basic

dimensions of a backrest are as follows: The height should be no less than fifteen inches high by

twelve inches wide. The lumbar support should protrude out from the backrest at a measurement

of at least one inch. Some very good but optional features recommended for backrests are tilting

abilities ranging from ninety to one-hundred and five degrees. The ability to lock the tilt in is

also recommended as an optional feature of backrests. The seat cushion should be made from

high density foam at least two inched thick to provide a firm support that is still comfortable. The

contouring of seat cushions should be slightly concave to further improve comfort for the

individual. One of the most basic features of all office chairs is a seat height adjustment. It is

recommended to have an adjustable seat height ranging from fifteen to twenty and a half inches

from the floor. A minimum of a five star base is recommended. A five star base provides

superior stability and support that prevents the user from being able to tip themselves over,

which would cause great injury. The base must also be able to swivel 360 degrees. This helps

reduce strain when the user gets in and out of the chair. They can position themselves with the


swivel feature before they stand to help reduce strain from awkward standing procedures. As

well as a 360 degree swivel and a five star base, the base requires appropriate casters for the

floor type. It is recommended that rubber casters be used on linoleum and tile and that nylon

casters be used on carpet. Armrests are optional but most people prefer them to no armrests. If

wanted, armrests should be adjustable in height and width. They should be approximately nine to

twelve inches in length and without sharp edges.

Since, again, this is a low/no budget operation; there will not be an option to choose a

new, modern “ergonomic” chair for purchase. There are some fixes that can help with

muscular/skeletal problems caused by sitting in a chair all day. First, a roll of paper towels, toilet

paper, or a full water bottle can be used as lumbar support in a chair that lacks this feature. By

putting a full water bottle, for example, behind one’s back, the lumbar area of the spine receives

more support which relieves pain. The other methods of both toilet tissue and paper towels work

just as well if the user prefers a little softer support device. Another method of support for a user

that sits in a chair for extended periods of time is the use of pillows. Basically, if one sits on a

pillow they receive a softer platform in which their spine column can rest on. This prevents the

users back from experiencing strain and pain caused from long durations of time spent sitting.

Users can also investigate the actual way that they sit in the chair. Many users that experience

back pain have awkward sitting positions. One of the most common awkward sitting positions

occurs when users sit on the front edge of the chair. This causes a misalignment of the spine

which results in pain and discomfort. By just being conscious of the effects of posture while

sitting in a chair, users can prevent and eliminate most common back pain associated with chair

use and extended periods of time.


Visual Angles of Monitors

The visual angle maintained at a desk setting can directly cause injury pertaining to the

neck and back. If a visual angle required the user to excessively bend his or her neck, then it will

cause pain. In order to reduce these types of injuries, new technologies such as liquid crystal

display monitors were invented. Cathode ray tube monitors are very large, bulky and heavy. This

causes the user to adapt to the machine, which causes injury due to the lack of positioning

options for this type of monitor. LCD screens have a very reduced depth measurement when

compared to CRT monitors. This causes them to be more user friendly in the sense that they can

be placed in many more positions than CRT monitors. Their placement can reduce visual angles

experienced by the user which can in turn reduce neck and back strain. The recommended visual

angle for viewing computer screens is ten to twenty degrees (DoD 2002, Nov). An LCD monitor

is less harsh on the eyes due to the fact that flat screens incredibly reduce glare and the

resolutions are higher, and thus better. Higher resolution provides better eye acuity and less

strain (DoD 2002, Nov).

The visual angle that a user experiences when viewing a monitor can be adjusted in many

ways without an actual budget for the project. For example, one can adjust the height of the

monitor by stacking books underneath. This can raise the height of the monitor which reduces

the angular amount the view has to look down to see. The monitor can also be angled by the use

of any object that is placed under either the front or rear platform of the monitor. This can reduce

the visual angle which again reduces neck and back strain and pain.


Training
Organization

In order to solve the problem of improper lifting and organization we decided to train the

operators in ways to perform their tasks with minimal chance of creating a disorder. The first

thing we informed them of was to clean out from under the desks so that they could properly fit

without having to stand or hunch over. We had them move these boxes to the garage and to areas

of the workplace that would not be in the way. In order to have more area to work we also had

them switch the high desk and low desk, which will improve the operability and efficiency of

each workstation. In addition, we made it so we eliminated some of the redundancies of multiple

monitors and phones that were unnecessary. By putting one monitor, one phone, and one

keyboard at each workstation allows for them to have quick easy access to their tools without

unnecessary reaching and muscle straining. There was also a need to have them list the

importance of each tool and manual as to have the most important tools in arms reach rather than

having the operator repeatedly reach to higher shelves. The tools with second level of importance

or larger size we had put on the tool bar on the sides of the walls and the tools with the least level

of importance we had put in drawers as to cut down on clutter and confusion. Last we had them

take the diagrams posted around the room and paste them on the desks to the sides of their

workstation. This made it so there was no need to constantly look up for information and stress

their neck, rather they have to turn their neck no more than 20 degrees from their focal point in

either direction.This solves a large portion of their problem because it eliminates the need to

strain muscles due to repetitive stretching and straining and allows for efficient reliable work.


Safe lifting practice

To cut down on LBD we found a set of guidelines to follow in order to safely lift and

carry various heavy items in order to reduce strain and tension; these guidelines can be found in

Appendix D. These guidelines include what to think about before lifting heavy items, the proper

techniques for lifting, and the proper way to move and place the load. We walked the operators

through these guidelines and demonstrated for them the methods of lifting as the rules explained.

We then posted several copies of this guide around the office and in the garage in case they

forgot a certain portion. We also advised buying relatively cheap back braces but since the

employer had no budget the individual employee would have to purchase it.

Cost/Benefit Analysis

Since the employer gave us no budget to work with we had to come up with methods that

were free to the operators as well as helpful. These methods include giving tips on low budget

fixes for tools used, training on organization, and handouts that can be posted around the office.

By using these methods we allowed for improvement of the workstation without costing the

employer anything.


Exit Interview

The exit interview was created to get information on the worker’s perspective of the

solutions. This is an essential part of the assessment in order to see if our solutions were helpful

and if they were put into practice. We can also compare his knowledge and results to the

entrance interview; this comparison is done to see his awareness of office injuries. We can also

get the workers opinion on why our solutions might or might not be feasible. During the

interview we asked him to be straight forward because this assessment was for his benefit and

not ours. The questions asked can found in Appendix B.

First, we asked the employee if his awareness of office injuries had increased and to

explain his answer. He stated that originally he was unaware of muscle strains and other injuries

that were based on posture when sitting down. He explained that his awareness did increase due

to the assessment and solutions he was provided with. The following question asked the

employee to explain if he found the solutions helpful or not. He answered by stating that the

solutions were odd to follow, mainly because he never really had to correct his posture when

executing a task, but it did create a great difference. The final question asked him to voice his

opinion if the solution would increase the efficiency and productivity. Based on his response, it

was clear to see how he acknowledged the positive effects of the solutions on productivity and

efficiency.


The Overall Assessment and Monitoring

The overall assessment was a success due to several reasons. We were able to discover

various unhealthy and unsafe working conditions in the working environments and increase the

awareness within the working environment. Monitoring the implementation of the solution was

feasible and accessible. This was due to the fact that our test subject (the employee) was one of

our roommates for three consecutive years. This eliminated the Hawthorne affect and allowed

proper information to be obtained. Although, we increased awareness and provided proper

feasible solution, it was up to the employee to execute them. Unfortunately the employee failed

to carry out the solution after a couple days. This was due to relapses on old habits on working

posture. In order for the solutions to work and improve conditions in the workplace , it was to be

a collaboration on both Ergonomists and test subjects.


Works Cited
Bridger, R. (2009). Introduction to Ergonomics, Third Edition . Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Center for Disease Control. (2011, April 15). Retrieved from www.cdc.gov:
http://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion

Cohen, A. L. (1997, March). Elements of Ergonomics Programs. Retrieved from NIOSH:
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-117/

DoD. (2002, November). Are LCD Monitors “Easy on the Eyes”? Retrieved from DoD
Ergonomic Working Group NEWS:
http://ergoworkinggroup.org/ewgweb/IndexFrames/index3.htm

DoD. (2003, January). Ergonomic Keyboards. Retrieved from DoD Ergonomics Working Group
News : http://ergoworkinggroup.org/ewgweb/IndexFrames/index3.htm

DoD. (2002, October). Safety Tips for Laptop Computer Use. Retrieved from Dod Ergonomics
Working Group NEWS: http://ergoworkinggroup.org/ewgweb/IndexFrames/index3.htm

DoD. (2011, April). The Pros and Cons of a Sit-Stand Workstation. Retrieved from DoD
Ergonomics Working Group NEWS:

DoD. (2008, September). Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs). Retrieved from
DoD Ergonomics Working Group Fact Sheet:
http://www.ergoworkinggroup.org/ewgweb/SubPages/ProgramTools/Publications/PDFfa
ctsheets/FS1.pdf

DoD. (2008, November). You should know about carpal tunnel syndrome. Retrieved from
Department of Defense Ergonomics Working Group Fact Sheet:

ERAU student employment. (n.d.). Retrieved from eraudb.studentemployment.com:
https://eraudb.studentemployment.ngwebsolutions.com/JobX_Home.aspx?ver=1

Hagberg, M. (1987). Prevalence rates and odds ratios of shoulder-neck diseases in different
occupational groups. British Journal of Industrial Medicine .

OSHA checklist. (n.d.). Retrieved from United States Department of Labor :
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/computerworkstations/checklist.html

Safe Lifting Techniques. (2007, April). Retrieved from
www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/15647697.DOC

Salvendy, G. (2006). Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics. John Wiley.


Smith, A. P. (1992). Handbook of Human Performance, Volume 2. Acedemic Press.

Team, N. E. (2007, August ). Guidelines for Office Chair Selection. Retrieved from DoD
Ergonomics Working Group News:


Appendix A
Employee Survey

1. Please rate each from a scale of 1 to 7, 1 being the lowest and 7 being the highest. The
exposure of unsafe and unhealthy conditions in the working environment:
Office: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Garage: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2. Please Explain why your choice of ratings for each environment. (Eg. Why is rated high/low?
What are the conditions do you consider unhealthy about the environment? What are the causes
of the unhealthy conditions? Etc.)
Office:
Garage:

3. Please choose the answer that describes the working environment properly:
Office: Not enough technology Proper technology Too much technology
Garage:Not enough technology Proper technology Too much technology

4. Please explain your choices for the question above.

5. Are there any supervisory or managerial causes of unsafe/unhealthy workplace?

6. What would you change at your workplace to make your and fellow employee’s time working
healthier, happier, and more productive?


Appendix B
Entrance Interview questions:

1. Can you describe the tasks you go through on a daily basis? (please explain the
workstations of each task)

2. Can you describe any unsafe working conditions?

3. Can you explain the role of organization within the workplace?

4. What changes in the workplace would you implement?

Exit Interview questions:

1. Did your awareness and knowledge on office injuries increase? How so?

2. Did you find the solutions provided helpful? Why? Why not?

3. Do you think the solutions will increase efficiency and productivity?


Appendix C

Figure 1 – demonstrates the interconnection of WMSDs and internal problems that already exist

Retrieved from:Salvendy, G. (2006). Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics. John Wiley.


Appendix D
Safe lifting

Lifting and carrying is a common cause of injury at work. Good manual handling techniques can
significantly reduce the risk of injury.

Almost all staff and students at some time get involved in manual handling in College: whether it’s
carrying a pile of books, shifting a computer or moving equipment in an office or laboratory.

This guidance describes the basic techniques of good lifting practice to help you avoid unnecessary injury

Principles of safe lifting practice

Before you start
Think about the job
Does it need carrying, or can a trolley or other
equipment be used instead
Think about what you are going to do before you do it:
Where is the load going?
Does it need more than one person to lift it
safely?
Is there enough room?
How can you avoid having to twist when lifting
or putting the load down?
Think about you
Are you dressed for the job? Tight clothing can
restrict movement. High heels are never
suitable.
Do you have a health problem that might make
you vulnerable to injury
If you are not sure of how heavy a load is, test it out
before you try to lift it. Gently rock the load to test the
weight and its distribution
If you have not been trained, you should not lift >15Kg
without advice from your local Manual Handling
Assessor
Remove any obstructions/tripping hazards from the
route
Work out where and how to take a rest if moving a
heavy load over a long distance
Are there any sharp edges? If so, then you may need
to wear gloves to protect yourself
If load is too bulky, look at ways in which to break it
down

Lifting technique

Place you feet apart to make a stable base for lifting
Placing one leg forward in front of the other will help


improve balance and control
If you have to reach out to the load, try sliding it
towards you before attempting to lift it

If lifting from a low height, bend your knees, NOT your
back
Stand correctly, keeping your back straight and your
chin tucked in
Keep your shoulders level and facing the same
direction as your hips
Lift smoothly, avoiding jerking movements
Lift your head first – your back then straightens
automatically
Grip the load with your palms, rather than just your
fingers – If you need to change your grip, rest the load
first.
Keep your arms close to your body to help support the
load

Do not allow the load to obstruct your view – seek
assistance if it is too large.

Moving the load
When carrying, keep the load as close to the
body as possible
Keep the heaviest side of the load closest to your
body
When pulling or pushing, use your body weight to
move the load – if possible, let the momentum of
the load do some of the work e.g. when pushing
trolleys
When pulling, keep your back straight and your
arms as close to your body centre line as
possible
Avoid twisting your body when turning

Document Retrieved from:Safe Lifting Techniques citation


Appendix E

The OSHA checklist that we filled out can found immediately following this page.

Checklist retrieved from OSHA checklistcitation


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