SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 21
Territorial Marketing When Places become products Kazinsbarcika July 13th 2011 François Parvex Sport, culture, gardens Land of precision One comes to succeed and then stays for pleasure
2 Resource: Territory Geografical space,  where people are active … or not
3 Resource: Users Tourists Population Public sector  Enterprises Investors Plants and animals
4 Ressource: Perceptions Everybody has his/her perception of the reality ! Everybody is wrong ! Everybody is right !
5 Resource: Images to merge Percieved images Promoted image Reality
6 Territorial Marketingor Marketing of Places Competitive positioning of a territory in order to attract, welcome andkeep users, which will create value (qualitative, quantitative) Application of the marketing model to a territory Litterature : Philipp Kotler, Place Marketing Patrice Noisette, Marketing urbain Benoit Meyronin, Le marketing territorial
7 Marketing Model  identify one or more Target Groups (segmentation), identify their needs, design a marketing mix (4P) :  define and create a product or a  service determine its price design and implement its promotion and its distribution (placement) organize and deliver the after sale service Goal Users satisfaction 4P
8 Objectives Give sense to the daily living environment architecture, art, signalization safety, innovation, atmosphere Chose and implement a project, which is likely to meet a demand, internal or external, which offers something people are likely to buy or to use Improve the territorial competitiveness Offer an emotional experience to the users Become pretty and desirable Seduct the outside and mobilize the inside
9 Possible topics Life quality (leisure, health) Attract new residents Attract or facilitate the creation of new enterprises Tourism Marketing City Management Marketing of regional products Marketing of territorial institutions Nature protection …
10 Possible levers to build on Alliances and networks  Trade Marks Marketing of personalities Labels Sportainment Communication Clusters Culture Architecture and characteristic buildings (staging)
11 4 éléments of a strategy  Goals: What do we want to realize ? – Taking into account our starting situation and the resources we can build on (people, enterprises, environment, public sector, external partners, money) Products and markets: Which are the products, services, ideas, values we want to offer or sell and to whom ?  Drivers of competitiveness: How do we intend to win the market (price, promotion, branding) ?  Collaborations (economic systems, supply chains) : Which new activities should we create ? – How can we distribute and sell our products and services ?
12 Method Territorial diagnostic statistics, market studies, territorial intelligence, benchmark, task force (opinion leaders), external users Evaluation – analysis - challenges SWOT for each target group Strategic planning segmentation Marketing mix for each segment Implementation ,[object Object]
project cycle management,[object Object]
Example: Crans-Montana (2) Users (one partial vision developed for each users’ group): Population, enterprises, tourists, residents (foreigners with tax lump sum) Topics: Leisure – Work – Health Territorial Marketing Plan (Logical Framework): Goal Expected Results Projects Democratic consolidation 14
Example: Only Lyon ADERLY (all most important stakeholders) Label Only Lyon Ambassadors (network, kit) Entry doors: Parking lots 15
Example: Image Festival Vevey 16
Example: Dino-zoo  17
Example: Prehisto-parc Réclère  18
Example: Chemin du vignoble 19 Products: hiking, biking, horsing, caring ,[object Object]
 Didactic trails
 Vine and wine Museum

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Gollain construire une argumentation marketing territoriale efficace - sept...
Gollain   construire une argumentation marketing territoriale efficace - sept...Gollain   construire une argumentation marketing territoriale efficace - sept...
Gollain construire une argumentation marketing territoriale efficace - sept...Vincent GOLLAIN
 
Comment Vendre Son Produit Touristique
Comment Vendre Son Produit TouristiqueComment Vendre Son Produit Touristique
Comment Vendre Son Produit TouristiqueBrive
 
Approche fonctionnelle entreprise club med
Approche fonctionnelle entreprise   club medApproche fonctionnelle entreprise   club med
Approche fonctionnelle entreprise club medPierre Cattoire, MBA
 
From Selling the City to City Branding. A Critical Perspective
From Selling the City to City Branding. A Critical PerspectiveFrom Selling the City to City Branding. A Critical Perspective
From Selling the City to City Branding. A Critical PerspectivePrivate
 
Etude stratégique Golden Tulipe Hotel
Etude stratégique Golden Tulipe HotelEtude stratégique Golden Tulipe Hotel
Etude stratégique Golden Tulipe HotelFakhr-Eddine Gabsi
 
การอนุรักษ์ทรัพยากรการท่องเที่ยว
การอนุรักษ์ทรัพยากรการท่องเที่ยวการอนุรักษ์ทรัพยากรการท่องเที่ยว
การอนุรักษ์ทรัพยากรการท่องเที่ยวSomyot Ongkhluap
 
Destination Management in Da Nang, Hue, Quang Nam
Destination Management in Da Nang, Hue, Quang NamDestination Management in Da Nang, Hue, Quang Nam
Destination Management in Da Nang, Hue, Quang Namduanesrt
 
AC14 Utiliser de la musique dans sa communication : obligations légales, éthi...
AC14 Utiliser de la musique dans sa communication : obligations légales, éthi...AC14 Utiliser de la musique dans sa communication : obligations légales, éthi...
AC14 Utiliser de la musique dans sa communication : obligations légales, éthi...Cap'Com
 
Marketing territorial & City Branding
Marketing territorial & City BrandingMarketing territorial & City Branding
Marketing territorial & City BrandingSamir SIRAT
 
Le marketing sensoriel peut il être considéré comme une stratégie concurrenti...
Le marketing sensoriel peut il être considéré comme une stratégie concurrenti...Le marketing sensoriel peut il être considéré comme une stratégie concurrenti...
Le marketing sensoriel peut il être considéré comme une stratégie concurrenti...robinlajou66
 
Presentation urban tourism
Presentation urban tourismPresentation urban tourism
Presentation urban tourismAPIER
 
Le tourisme et ses espaces
Le tourisme et ses espacesLe tourisme et ses espaces
Le tourisme et ses espacesXavier Monty
 
Etude stratégique Golden Tulipe Hotel
Etude stratégique Golden Tulipe HotelEtude stratégique Golden Tulipe Hotel
Etude stratégique Golden Tulipe HotelFakhr-Eddine Gabsi
 
Marketing-services
 Marketing-services Marketing-services
Marketing-serviceskhawla16
 
Gestion durable de la forêt boréale : vision globale et recherche de l’équilibre
Gestion durable de la forêt boréale : vision globale et recherche de l’équilibreGestion durable de la forêt boréale : vision globale et recherche de l’équilibre
Gestion durable de la forêt boréale : vision globale et recherche de l’équilibreProspection
 
Introduction to destination management
Introduction to destination managementIntroduction to destination management
Introduction to destination managementKalam Khadka
 
Le tourisme solidaire et responsable
Le tourisme solidaire et responsableLe tourisme solidaire et responsable
Le tourisme solidaire et responsableAlixterique
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Gollain construire une argumentation marketing territoriale efficace - sept...
Gollain   construire une argumentation marketing territoriale efficace - sept...Gollain   construire une argumentation marketing territoriale efficace - sept...
Gollain construire une argumentation marketing territoriale efficace - sept...
 
Comment Vendre Son Produit Touristique
Comment Vendre Son Produit TouristiqueComment Vendre Son Produit Touristique
Comment Vendre Son Produit Touristique
 
Destination marketing yac
Destination marketing yacDestination marketing yac
Destination marketing yac
 
Destination
DestinationDestination
Destination
 
Approche fonctionnelle entreprise club med
Approche fonctionnelle entreprise   club medApproche fonctionnelle entreprise   club med
Approche fonctionnelle entreprise club med
 
From Selling the City to City Branding. A Critical Perspective
From Selling the City to City Branding. A Critical PerspectiveFrom Selling the City to City Branding. A Critical Perspective
From Selling the City to City Branding. A Critical Perspective
 
Etude stratégique Golden Tulipe Hotel
Etude stratégique Golden Tulipe HotelEtude stratégique Golden Tulipe Hotel
Etude stratégique Golden Tulipe Hotel
 
การอนุรักษ์ทรัพยากรการท่องเที่ยว
การอนุรักษ์ทรัพยากรการท่องเที่ยวการอนุรักษ์ทรัพยากรการท่องเที่ยว
การอนุรักษ์ทรัพยากรการท่องเที่ยว
 
Destination Management in Da Nang, Hue, Quang Nam
Destination Management in Da Nang, Hue, Quang NamDestination Management in Da Nang, Hue, Quang Nam
Destination Management in Da Nang, Hue, Quang Nam
 
AC14 Utiliser de la musique dans sa communication : obligations légales, éthi...
AC14 Utiliser de la musique dans sa communication : obligations légales, éthi...AC14 Utiliser de la musique dans sa communication : obligations légales, éthi...
AC14 Utiliser de la musique dans sa communication : obligations légales, éthi...
 
Marketing territorial & City Branding
Marketing territorial & City BrandingMarketing territorial & City Branding
Marketing territorial & City Branding
 
Le marketing sensoriel peut il être considéré comme une stratégie concurrenti...
Le marketing sensoriel peut il être considéré comme une stratégie concurrenti...Le marketing sensoriel peut il être considéré comme une stratégie concurrenti...
Le marketing sensoriel peut il être considéré comme une stratégie concurrenti...
 
Presentation urban tourism
Presentation urban tourismPresentation urban tourism
Presentation urban tourism
 
Le tourisme et ses espaces
Le tourisme et ses espacesLe tourisme et ses espaces
Le tourisme et ses espaces
 
Etude stratégique Golden Tulipe Hotel
Etude stratégique Golden Tulipe HotelEtude stratégique Golden Tulipe Hotel
Etude stratégique Golden Tulipe Hotel
 
Marketing-services
 Marketing-services Marketing-services
Marketing-services
 
Tourism and transportation
Tourism and transportationTourism and transportation
Tourism and transportation
 
Gestion durable de la forêt boréale : vision globale et recherche de l’équilibre
Gestion durable de la forêt boréale : vision globale et recherche de l’équilibreGestion durable de la forêt boréale : vision globale et recherche de l’équilibre
Gestion durable de la forêt boréale : vision globale et recherche de l’équilibre
 
Introduction to destination management
Introduction to destination managementIntroduction to destination management
Introduction to destination management
 
Le tourisme solidaire et responsable
Le tourisme solidaire et responsableLe tourisme solidaire et responsable
Le tourisme solidaire et responsable
 

Andere mochten auch

Presentation V Gollain Territorial Marketing English March2012
Presentation V Gollain Territorial Marketing English March2012Presentation V Gollain Territorial Marketing English March2012
Presentation V Gollain Territorial Marketing English March2012vgollain
 
Nationalgeographicbest2013 2014
Nationalgeographicbest2013 2014Nationalgeographicbest2013 2014
Nationalgeographicbest2013 2014Renée Bukay
 
Place Branding for American Cities
Place Branding for American Cities Place Branding for American Cities
Place Branding for American Cities Vehr Communications
 
Place Marketing and Branding: Gold Coast AUS
Place Marketing and Branding: Gold Coast AUSPlace Marketing and Branding: Gold Coast AUS
Place Marketing and Branding: Gold Coast AUSPhD Marco Ocke
 
Marketing of Financial Products & Services Sales Force Management
Marketing of Financial Products & Services   Sales Force ManagementMarketing of Financial Products & Services   Sales Force Management
Marketing of Financial Products & Services Sales Force ManagementParveen Sharma
 
Marketing of Financial Products & Services - Marketing Cases - Axis bank, Cit...
Marketing of Financial Products & Services - Marketing Cases - Axis bank, Cit...Marketing of Financial Products & Services - Marketing Cases - Axis bank, Cit...
Marketing of Financial Products & Services - Marketing Cases - Axis bank, Cit...Parveen Sharma
 
A Region as Destination: Towards a Place Branding Strategy for Northern Portugal
A Region as Destination: Towards a Place Branding Strategy for Northern PortugalA Region as Destination: Towards a Place Branding Strategy for Northern Portugal
A Region as Destination: Towards a Place Branding Strategy for Northern PortugalPrivate
 
Nearbuy_Local Commerce_City Marketing
Nearbuy_Local Commerce_City MarketingNearbuy_Local Commerce_City Marketing
Nearbuy_Local Commerce_City MarketingApoorva Gupta
 
E Commerce-2
E Commerce-2E Commerce-2
E Commerce-2megalak
 
Marketing of financial products Marketing Mix - Product and Product Mix
Marketing of financial products   Marketing Mix - Product and Product MixMarketing of financial products   Marketing Mix - Product and Product Mix
Marketing of financial products Marketing Mix - Product and Product MixParveen Sharma
 
Marketing Financial Product & Services
Marketing Financial Product & ServicesMarketing Financial Product & Services
Marketing Financial Product & ServicesParveen Sharma
 
Marketing of Financial Products & Services - Consumer Behaviour
Marketing of Financial Products & Services - Consumer BehaviourMarketing of Financial Products & Services - Consumer Behaviour
Marketing of Financial Products & Services - Consumer BehaviourParveen Sharma
 
Marketing of Financial Products & services - Distribution & Marketing Places
Marketing of Financial Products & services - Distribution & Marketing PlacesMarketing of Financial Products & services - Distribution & Marketing Places
Marketing of Financial Products & services - Distribution & Marketing PlacesParveen Sharma
 
Introduction to Destination Brands
Introduction to Destination BrandsIntroduction to Destination Brands
Introduction to Destination BrandsNigel Morgan
 

Andere mochten auch (20)

Presentation V Gollain Territorial Marketing English March2012
Presentation V Gollain Territorial Marketing English March2012Presentation V Gollain Territorial Marketing English March2012
Presentation V Gollain Territorial Marketing English March2012
 
Nationalgeographicbest2013 2014
Nationalgeographicbest2013 2014Nationalgeographicbest2013 2014
Nationalgeographicbest2013 2014
 
Place Branding for American Cities
Place Branding for American Cities Place Branding for American Cities
Place Branding for American Cities
 
Programme PMF16
Programme PMF16Programme PMF16
Programme PMF16
 
Place Marketing and Branding: Gold Coast AUS
Place Marketing and Branding: Gold Coast AUSPlace Marketing and Branding: Gold Coast AUS
Place Marketing and Branding: Gold Coast AUS
 
Place branding
Place branding Place branding
Place branding
 
Marketing of Financial Products & Services Sales Force Management
Marketing of Financial Products & Services   Sales Force ManagementMarketing of Financial Products & Services   Sales Force Management
Marketing of Financial Products & Services Sales Force Management
 
Marketing of Financial Products & Services - Marketing Cases - Axis bank, Cit...
Marketing of Financial Products & Services - Marketing Cases - Axis bank, Cit...Marketing of Financial Products & Services - Marketing Cases - Axis bank, Cit...
Marketing of Financial Products & Services - Marketing Cases - Axis bank, Cit...
 
A Region as Destination: Towards a Place Branding Strategy for Northern Portugal
A Region as Destination: Towards a Place Branding Strategy for Northern PortugalA Region as Destination: Towards a Place Branding Strategy for Northern Portugal
A Region as Destination: Towards a Place Branding Strategy for Northern Portugal
 
Nearbuy_Local Commerce_City Marketing
Nearbuy_Local Commerce_City MarketingNearbuy_Local Commerce_City Marketing
Nearbuy_Local Commerce_City Marketing
 
Place branding
Place brandingPlace branding
Place branding
 
E Commerce-2
E Commerce-2E Commerce-2
E Commerce-2
 
Marketing of financial products Marketing Mix - Product and Product Mix
Marketing of financial products   Marketing Mix - Product and Product MixMarketing of financial products   Marketing Mix - Product and Product Mix
Marketing of financial products Marketing Mix - Product and Product Mix
 
Marketing Financial Product & Services
Marketing Financial Product & ServicesMarketing Financial Product & Services
Marketing Financial Product & Services
 
Marketing of Financial Products & Services - Consumer Behaviour
Marketing of Financial Products & Services - Consumer BehaviourMarketing of Financial Products & Services - Consumer Behaviour
Marketing of Financial Products & Services - Consumer Behaviour
 
HOW TO BRAND A DESTINATION
HOW TO BRAND A DESTINATIONHOW TO BRAND A DESTINATION
HOW TO BRAND A DESTINATION
 
Marketing of Financial Products & services - Distribution & Marketing Places
Marketing of Financial Products & services - Distribution & Marketing PlacesMarketing of Financial Products & services - Distribution & Marketing Places
Marketing of Financial Products & services - Distribution & Marketing Places
 
Programme du PMF16 !
Programme du PMF16 ! Programme du PMF16 !
Programme du PMF16 !
 
Introduction to Destination Brands
Introduction to Destination BrandsIntroduction to Destination Brands
Introduction to Destination Brands
 
Destination Branding
Destination BrandingDestination Branding
Destination Branding
 

Ähnlich wie Territorial marketing - when places become products Kazinsbarcika, Hungary, 2011

Territorial marketing / marketing of places: When territories become produc...
Territorial marketing / marketing of places:   When territories become produc...Territorial marketing / marketing of places:   When territories become produc...
Territorial marketing / marketing of places: When territories become produc...regiosuisse
 
Place Brand Management and the New Challenges for Urban Spaces. Development a...
Place Brand Management and the New Challenges for Urban Spaces. Development a...Place Brand Management and the New Challenges for Urban Spaces. Development a...
Place Brand Management and the New Challenges for Urban Spaces. Development a...Private
 
International Market strategies for E-cigarettes
International Market strategies for E-cigarettesInternational Market strategies for E-cigarettes
International Market strategies for E-cigarettesHartmutVoss
 
Dest Man 1 -2020.pptx
Dest Man 1 -2020.pptxDest Man 1 -2020.pptx
Dest Man 1 -2020.pptxZsBacsi
 
Marketing library services istambul
Marketing library services   istambulMarketing library services   istambul
Marketing library services istambulestambulcervantes
 
Vgollain marketing of places-cities-and-destinations-in-france-january2015
Vgollain  marketing of places-cities-and-destinations-in-france-january2015Vgollain  marketing of places-cities-and-destinations-in-france-january2015
Vgollain marketing of places-cities-and-destinations-in-france-january2015Vincent GOLLAIN
 
Sports Wearable : Business Case TomTom
Sports Wearable : Business Case TomTomSports Wearable : Business Case TomTom
Sports Wearable : Business Case TomTomNathalie LAMRI
 
Future of Library and Information Services Marketing
Future of Library and Information Services MarketingFuture of Library and Information Services Marketing
Future of Library and Information Services MarketingDinesh Gupta
 
[Team3] Brand and Marketing
[Team3] Brand and Marketing [Team3] Brand and Marketing
[Team3] Brand and Marketing Huong Lan Nguyen
 
Place brand management (eduardo oliveira)
Place brand management (eduardo oliveira)Place brand management (eduardo oliveira)
Place brand management (eduardo oliveira)Private
 
Event management and sponsoring
Event management and sponsoringEvent management and sponsoring
Event management and sponsoringevent-sponsoring
 
A Digital Marketing Strategy - Monaco Convention Bureau (MICE sector)
A Digital Marketing Strategy - Monaco Convention Bureau (MICE sector)A Digital Marketing Strategy - Monaco Convention Bureau (MICE sector)
A Digital Marketing Strategy - Monaco Convention Bureau (MICE sector)Robert Langereis
 

Ähnlich wie Territorial marketing - when places become products Kazinsbarcika, Hungary, 2011 (20)

Territorial marketing / marketing of places: When territories become produc...
Territorial marketing / marketing of places:   When territories become produc...Territorial marketing / marketing of places:   When territories become produc...
Territorial marketing / marketing of places: When territories become produc...
 
Place Brand Management and the New Challenges for Urban Spaces. Development a...
Place Brand Management and the New Challenges for Urban Spaces. Development a...Place Brand Management and the New Challenges for Urban Spaces. Development a...
Place Brand Management and the New Challenges for Urban Spaces. Development a...
 
International Market strategies for E-cigarettes
International Market strategies for E-cigarettesInternational Market strategies for E-cigarettes
International Market strategies for E-cigarettes
 
Dest Man 1 -2020.pptx
Dest Man 1 -2020.pptxDest Man 1 -2020.pptx
Dest Man 1 -2020.pptx
 
detour marketing model10.1
detour marketing model10.1detour marketing model10.1
detour marketing model10.1
 
Marketing library services istambul
Marketing library services   istambulMarketing library services   istambul
Marketing library services istambul
 
Vgollain marketing of places-cities-and-destinations-in-france-january2015
Vgollain  marketing of places-cities-and-destinations-in-france-january2015Vgollain  marketing of places-cities-and-destinations-in-france-january2015
Vgollain marketing of places-cities-and-destinations-in-france-january2015
 
WE TOUR_Course 1_Module 3
WE TOUR_Course 1_Module 3WE TOUR_Course 1_Module 3
WE TOUR_Course 1_Module 3
 
WE TOUR_Course 2_Module 4
WE TOUR_Course 2_Module 4WE TOUR_Course 2_Module 4
WE TOUR_Course 2_Module 4
 
Marketing training seminar
Marketing training seminarMarketing training seminar
Marketing training seminar
 
Sports Wearable : Business Case TomTom
Sports Wearable : Business Case TomTomSports Wearable : Business Case TomTom
Sports Wearable : Business Case TomTom
 
Marketing training seminar
Marketing training seminarMarketing training seminar
Marketing training seminar
 
Future of Library and Information Services Marketing
Future of Library and Information Services MarketingFuture of Library and Information Services Marketing
Future of Library and Information Services Marketing
 
[Team3] Brand and Marketing
[Team3] Brand and Marketing [Team3] Brand and Marketing
[Team3] Brand and Marketing
 
Place brand management (eduardo oliveira)
Place brand management (eduardo oliveira)Place brand management (eduardo oliveira)
Place brand management (eduardo oliveira)
 
Event management and sponsoring
Event management and sponsoringEvent management and sponsoring
Event management and sponsoring
 
Elena-Komendo_CV-2
Elena-Komendo_CV-2Elena-Komendo_CV-2
Elena-Komendo_CV-2
 
A Digital Marketing Strategy - Monaco Convention Bureau (MICE sector)
A Digital Marketing Strategy - Monaco Convention Bureau (MICE sector)A Digital Marketing Strategy - Monaco Convention Bureau (MICE sector)
A Digital Marketing Strategy - Monaco Convention Bureau (MICE sector)
 
2 4 Warren
2 4 Warren2 4 Warren
2 4 Warren
 
PMF16 Program
PMF16 Program PMF16 Program
PMF16 Program
 

Mehr von regiosuisse

Le Partenariat Public Privé, un moyen prometteur de développement du secteur ...
Le Partenariat Public Privé, un moyen prometteur de développement du secteur ...Le Partenariat Public Privé, un moyen prometteur de développement du secteur ...
Le Partenariat Public Privé, un moyen prometteur de développement du secteur ...regiosuisse
 
Corso: Costruire un partenariato locale 20200327
Corso: Costruire un partenariato locale  20200327Corso: Costruire un partenariato locale  20200327
Corso: Costruire un partenariato locale 20200327regiosuisse
 
Renforcer l'economie locale par les circuits courts
Renforcer l'economie locale par les circuits courtsRenforcer l'economie locale par les circuits courts
Renforcer l'economie locale par les circuits courtsregiosuisse
 
Resume Francois Parvex English SEREC Ltd
Resume Francois Parvex English SEREC LtdResume Francois Parvex English SEREC Ltd
Resume Francois Parvex English SEREC Ltdregiosuisse
 
CV Francois Parvex SEREC Sarl
CV Francois Parvex SEREC SarlCV Francois Parvex SEREC Sarl
CV Francois Parvex SEREC Sarlregiosuisse
 
Appui budgétaire sectoriel décentralisé au Mali ABSD, DDC, SEREC
Appui budgétaire sectoriel décentralisé au Mali ABSD, DDC, SERECAppui budgétaire sectoriel décentralisé au Mali ABSD, DDC, SEREC
Appui budgétaire sectoriel décentralisé au Mali ABSD, DDC, SERECregiosuisse
 
Développement d'une station locale de gestion de l'irrigation au Burkina Faso...
Développement d'une station locale de gestion de l'irrigation au Burkina Faso...Développement d'une station locale de gestion de l'irrigation au Burkina Faso...
Développement d'une station locale de gestion de l'irrigation au Burkina Faso...regiosuisse
 
Sachamanda No 27 Post aus dem Regenwald Dezember 2017
Sachamanda No 27 Post aus dem Regenwald Dezember 2017Sachamanda No 27 Post aus dem Regenwald Dezember 2017
Sachamanda No 27 Post aus dem Regenwald Dezember 2017regiosuisse
 
Une innovation qui libère, Grenier de conservation des oignons Tilgr Baoré, D...
Une innovation qui libère, Grenier de conservation des oignons Tilgr Baoré, D...Une innovation qui libère, Grenier de conservation des oignons Tilgr Baoré, D...
Une innovation qui libère, Grenier de conservation des oignons Tilgr Baoré, D...regiosuisse
 
Cv Francois Parvex Italiano SEREC
Cv Francois Parvex Italiano SEREC Cv Francois Parvex Italiano SEREC
Cv Francois Parvex Italiano SEREC regiosuisse
 
DES PISTES CONSTRUITES AVEC UNE HAUTE INTENSITE DE MAIN D’OEUVRE
DES PISTES CONSTRUITES AVEC UNE HAUTE INTENSITE DE  MAIN D’OEUVREDES PISTES CONSTRUITES AVEC UNE HAUTE INTENSITE DE  MAIN D’OEUVRE
DES PISTES CONSTRUITES AVEC UNE HAUTE INTENSITE DE MAIN D’OEUVREregiosuisse
 
Sachamanda, Post aus dem Regenwald : Liana Lodge, amaZoonico, Runahuasi, Ahua...
Sachamanda, Post aus dem Regenwald : Liana Lodge, amaZoonico, Runahuasi, Ahua...Sachamanda, Post aus dem Regenwald : Liana Lodge, amaZoonico, Runahuasi, Ahua...
Sachamanda, Post aus dem Regenwald : Liana Lodge, amaZoonico, Runahuasi, Ahua...regiosuisse
 
La via di comunicazione storica del montecenerino, Ticino, Svizzera
La via di comunicazione storica del montecenerino, Ticino, SvizzeraLa via di comunicazione storica del montecenerino, Ticino, Svizzera
La via di comunicazione storica del montecenerino, Ticino, Svizzeraregiosuisse
 
Awakening the voiceless, Capitalising on nineteen years of Swiss Cooperation ...
Awakening the voiceless, Capitalising on nineteen years of Swiss Cooperation ...Awakening the voiceless, Capitalising on nineteen years of Swiss Cooperation ...
Awakening the voiceless, Capitalising on nineteen years of Swiss Cooperation ...regiosuisse
 
L'éveil des sans voix, capitalisation de dix-neuf ans d'appui de la Coopérati...
L'éveil des sans voix, capitalisation de dix-neuf ans d'appui de la Coopérati...L'éveil des sans voix, capitalisation de dix-neuf ans d'appui de la Coopérati...
L'éveil des sans voix, capitalisation de dix-neuf ans d'appui de la Coopérati...regiosuisse
 
Introduction simple pour l'élaboration de modèles d'effciacité
Introduction simple pour l'élaboration de modèles d'effciacitéIntroduction simple pour l'élaboration de modèles d'effciacité
Introduction simple pour l'élaboration de modèles d'effciacitéregiosuisse
 
Attivazione del potenziale legato alle residenze secondarie e appartamenti di...
Attivazione del potenziale legato alle residenze secondarie e appartamenti di...Attivazione del potenziale legato alle residenze secondarie e appartamenti di...
Attivazione del potenziale legato alle residenze secondarie e appartamenti di...regiosuisse
 
Politique régionale suisse, Opportunités et répercussions pour les communes I...
Politique régionale suisse, Opportunités et répercussions pour les communes I...Politique régionale suisse, Opportunités et répercussions pour les communes I...
Politique régionale suisse, Opportunités et répercussions pour les communes I...regiosuisse
 
SEREC une société en pleine évolution, fusions, stratégies, projets
SEREC une société en pleine évolution, fusions, stratégies, projetsSEREC une société en pleine évolution, fusions, stratégies, projets
SEREC une société en pleine évolution, fusions, stratégies, projetsregiosuisse
 
Plan sectoriel de la mobilite, Crans-Montana : circulation, transports public...
Plan sectoriel de la mobilite, Crans-Montana : circulation, transports public...Plan sectoriel de la mobilite, Crans-Montana : circulation, transports public...
Plan sectoriel de la mobilite, Crans-Montana : circulation, transports public...regiosuisse
 

Mehr von regiosuisse (20)

Le Partenariat Public Privé, un moyen prometteur de développement du secteur ...
Le Partenariat Public Privé, un moyen prometteur de développement du secteur ...Le Partenariat Public Privé, un moyen prometteur de développement du secteur ...
Le Partenariat Public Privé, un moyen prometteur de développement du secteur ...
 
Corso: Costruire un partenariato locale 20200327
Corso: Costruire un partenariato locale  20200327Corso: Costruire un partenariato locale  20200327
Corso: Costruire un partenariato locale 20200327
 
Renforcer l'economie locale par les circuits courts
Renforcer l'economie locale par les circuits courtsRenforcer l'economie locale par les circuits courts
Renforcer l'economie locale par les circuits courts
 
Resume Francois Parvex English SEREC Ltd
Resume Francois Parvex English SEREC LtdResume Francois Parvex English SEREC Ltd
Resume Francois Parvex English SEREC Ltd
 
CV Francois Parvex SEREC Sarl
CV Francois Parvex SEREC SarlCV Francois Parvex SEREC Sarl
CV Francois Parvex SEREC Sarl
 
Appui budgétaire sectoriel décentralisé au Mali ABSD, DDC, SEREC
Appui budgétaire sectoriel décentralisé au Mali ABSD, DDC, SERECAppui budgétaire sectoriel décentralisé au Mali ABSD, DDC, SEREC
Appui budgétaire sectoriel décentralisé au Mali ABSD, DDC, SEREC
 
Développement d'une station locale de gestion de l'irrigation au Burkina Faso...
Développement d'une station locale de gestion de l'irrigation au Burkina Faso...Développement d'une station locale de gestion de l'irrigation au Burkina Faso...
Développement d'une station locale de gestion de l'irrigation au Burkina Faso...
 
Sachamanda No 27 Post aus dem Regenwald Dezember 2017
Sachamanda No 27 Post aus dem Regenwald Dezember 2017Sachamanda No 27 Post aus dem Regenwald Dezember 2017
Sachamanda No 27 Post aus dem Regenwald Dezember 2017
 
Une innovation qui libère, Grenier de conservation des oignons Tilgr Baoré, D...
Une innovation qui libère, Grenier de conservation des oignons Tilgr Baoré, D...Une innovation qui libère, Grenier de conservation des oignons Tilgr Baoré, D...
Une innovation qui libère, Grenier de conservation des oignons Tilgr Baoré, D...
 
Cv Francois Parvex Italiano SEREC
Cv Francois Parvex Italiano SEREC Cv Francois Parvex Italiano SEREC
Cv Francois Parvex Italiano SEREC
 
DES PISTES CONSTRUITES AVEC UNE HAUTE INTENSITE DE MAIN D’OEUVRE
DES PISTES CONSTRUITES AVEC UNE HAUTE INTENSITE DE  MAIN D’OEUVREDES PISTES CONSTRUITES AVEC UNE HAUTE INTENSITE DE  MAIN D’OEUVRE
DES PISTES CONSTRUITES AVEC UNE HAUTE INTENSITE DE MAIN D’OEUVRE
 
Sachamanda, Post aus dem Regenwald : Liana Lodge, amaZoonico, Runahuasi, Ahua...
Sachamanda, Post aus dem Regenwald : Liana Lodge, amaZoonico, Runahuasi, Ahua...Sachamanda, Post aus dem Regenwald : Liana Lodge, amaZoonico, Runahuasi, Ahua...
Sachamanda, Post aus dem Regenwald : Liana Lodge, amaZoonico, Runahuasi, Ahua...
 
La via di comunicazione storica del montecenerino, Ticino, Svizzera
La via di comunicazione storica del montecenerino, Ticino, SvizzeraLa via di comunicazione storica del montecenerino, Ticino, Svizzera
La via di comunicazione storica del montecenerino, Ticino, Svizzera
 
Awakening the voiceless, Capitalising on nineteen years of Swiss Cooperation ...
Awakening the voiceless, Capitalising on nineteen years of Swiss Cooperation ...Awakening the voiceless, Capitalising on nineteen years of Swiss Cooperation ...
Awakening the voiceless, Capitalising on nineteen years of Swiss Cooperation ...
 
L'éveil des sans voix, capitalisation de dix-neuf ans d'appui de la Coopérati...
L'éveil des sans voix, capitalisation de dix-neuf ans d'appui de la Coopérati...L'éveil des sans voix, capitalisation de dix-neuf ans d'appui de la Coopérati...
L'éveil des sans voix, capitalisation de dix-neuf ans d'appui de la Coopérati...
 
Introduction simple pour l'élaboration de modèles d'effciacité
Introduction simple pour l'élaboration de modèles d'effciacitéIntroduction simple pour l'élaboration de modèles d'effciacité
Introduction simple pour l'élaboration de modèles d'effciacité
 
Attivazione del potenziale legato alle residenze secondarie e appartamenti di...
Attivazione del potenziale legato alle residenze secondarie e appartamenti di...Attivazione del potenziale legato alle residenze secondarie e appartamenti di...
Attivazione del potenziale legato alle residenze secondarie e appartamenti di...
 
Politique régionale suisse, Opportunités et répercussions pour les communes I...
Politique régionale suisse, Opportunités et répercussions pour les communes I...Politique régionale suisse, Opportunités et répercussions pour les communes I...
Politique régionale suisse, Opportunités et répercussions pour les communes I...
 
SEREC une société en pleine évolution, fusions, stratégies, projets
SEREC une société en pleine évolution, fusions, stratégies, projetsSEREC une société en pleine évolution, fusions, stratégies, projets
SEREC une société en pleine évolution, fusions, stratégies, projets
 
Plan sectoriel de la mobilite, Crans-Montana : circulation, transports public...
Plan sectoriel de la mobilite, Crans-Montana : circulation, transports public...Plan sectoriel de la mobilite, Crans-Montana : circulation, transports public...
Plan sectoriel de la mobilite, Crans-Montana : circulation, transports public...
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Pharma Works Profile of Karan Communications
Pharma Works Profile of Karan CommunicationsPharma Works Profile of Karan Communications
Pharma Works Profile of Karan Communicationskarancommunications
 
Lucknow 💋 Escorts in Lucknow - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 8923113531 Neha Th...
Lucknow 💋 Escorts in Lucknow - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 8923113531 Neha Th...Lucknow 💋 Escorts in Lucknow - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 8923113531 Neha Th...
Lucknow 💋 Escorts in Lucknow - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 8923113531 Neha Th...anilsa9823
 
B.COM Unit – 4 ( CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ( CSR ).pptx
B.COM Unit – 4 ( CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ( CSR ).pptxB.COM Unit – 4 ( CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ( CSR ).pptx
B.COM Unit – 4 ( CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ( CSR ).pptxpriyanshujha201
 
RSA Conference Exhibitor List 2024 - Exhibitors Data
RSA Conference Exhibitor List 2024 - Exhibitors DataRSA Conference Exhibitor List 2024 - Exhibitors Data
RSA Conference Exhibitor List 2024 - Exhibitors DataExhibitors Data
 
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in India
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in IndiaBest Basmati Rice Manufacturers in India
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in IndiaShree Krishna Exports
 
0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdf
0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdf0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdf
0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdfRenandantas16
 
Regression analysis: Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear Regression
Regression analysis:  Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear RegressionRegression analysis:  Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear Regression
Regression analysis: Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear RegressionRavindra Nath Shukla
 
VIP Call Girls Gandi Maisamma ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k Wit...
VIP Call Girls Gandi Maisamma ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k Wit...VIP Call Girls Gandi Maisamma ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k Wit...
VIP Call Girls Gandi Maisamma ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k Wit...Suhani Kapoor
 
Boost the utilization of your HCL environment by reevaluating use cases and f...
Boost the utilization of your HCL environment by reevaluating use cases and f...Boost the utilization of your HCL environment by reevaluating use cases and f...
Boost the utilization of your HCL environment by reevaluating use cases and f...Roland Driesen
 
Grateful 7 speech thanking everyone that has helped.pdf
Grateful 7 speech thanking everyone that has helped.pdfGrateful 7 speech thanking everyone that has helped.pdf
Grateful 7 speech thanking everyone that has helped.pdfPaul Menig
 
Call Girls In Panjim North Goa 9971646499 Genuine Service
Call Girls In Panjim North Goa 9971646499 Genuine ServiceCall Girls In Panjim North Goa 9971646499 Genuine Service
Call Girls In Panjim North Goa 9971646499 Genuine Serviceritikaroy0888
 
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usageInsurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usageMatteo Carbone
 
VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝 Cash Payment (COD) 👒
VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow  ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝  Cash Payment (COD) 👒VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow  ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝  Cash Payment (COD) 👒
VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝 Cash Payment (COD) 👒anilsa9823
 
Call Girls Navi Mumbai Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Navi Mumbai Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...Call Girls Navi Mumbai Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Navi Mumbai Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...Dipal Arora
 
Famous Olympic Siblings from the 21st Century
Famous Olympic Siblings from the 21st CenturyFamous Olympic Siblings from the 21st Century
Famous Olympic Siblings from the 21st Centuryrwgiffor
 
KYC-Verified Accounts: Helping Companies Handle Challenging Regulatory Enviro...
KYC-Verified Accounts: Helping Companies Handle Challenging Regulatory Enviro...KYC-Verified Accounts: Helping Companies Handle Challenging Regulatory Enviro...
KYC-Verified Accounts: Helping Companies Handle Challenging Regulatory Enviro...Any kyc Account
 
M.C Lodges -- Guest House in Jhang.
M.C Lodges --  Guest House in Jhang.M.C Lodges --  Guest House in Jhang.
M.C Lodges -- Guest House in Jhang.Aaiza Hassan
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Pharma Works Profile of Karan Communications
Pharma Works Profile of Karan CommunicationsPharma Works Profile of Karan Communications
Pharma Works Profile of Karan Communications
 
Lucknow 💋 Escorts in Lucknow - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 8923113531 Neha Th...
Lucknow 💋 Escorts in Lucknow - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 8923113531 Neha Th...Lucknow 💋 Escorts in Lucknow - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 8923113531 Neha Th...
Lucknow 💋 Escorts in Lucknow - 450+ Call Girl Cash Payment 8923113531 Neha Th...
 
B.COM Unit – 4 ( CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ( CSR ).pptx
B.COM Unit – 4 ( CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ( CSR ).pptxB.COM Unit – 4 ( CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ( CSR ).pptx
B.COM Unit – 4 ( CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ( CSR ).pptx
 
RSA Conference Exhibitor List 2024 - Exhibitors Data
RSA Conference Exhibitor List 2024 - Exhibitors DataRSA Conference Exhibitor List 2024 - Exhibitors Data
RSA Conference Exhibitor List 2024 - Exhibitors Data
 
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Pune Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in India
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in IndiaBest Basmati Rice Manufacturers in India
Best Basmati Rice Manufacturers in India
 
0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdf
0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdf0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdf
0183760ssssssssssssssssssssssssssss00101011 (27).pdf
 
Regression analysis: Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear Regression
Regression analysis:  Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear RegressionRegression analysis:  Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear Regression
Regression analysis: Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear Regression
 
VIP Call Girls Gandi Maisamma ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k Wit...
VIP Call Girls Gandi Maisamma ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k Wit...VIP Call Girls Gandi Maisamma ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k Wit...
VIP Call Girls Gandi Maisamma ( Hyderabad ) Phone 8250192130 | ₹5k To 25k Wit...
 
Boost the utilization of your HCL environment by reevaluating use cases and f...
Boost the utilization of your HCL environment by reevaluating use cases and f...Boost the utilization of your HCL environment by reevaluating use cases and f...
Boost the utilization of your HCL environment by reevaluating use cases and f...
 
unwanted pregnancy Kit [+918133066128] Abortion Pills IN Dubai UAE Abudhabi
unwanted pregnancy Kit [+918133066128] Abortion Pills IN Dubai UAE Abudhabiunwanted pregnancy Kit [+918133066128] Abortion Pills IN Dubai UAE Abudhabi
unwanted pregnancy Kit [+918133066128] Abortion Pills IN Dubai UAE Abudhabi
 
Grateful 7 speech thanking everyone that has helped.pdf
Grateful 7 speech thanking everyone that has helped.pdfGrateful 7 speech thanking everyone that has helped.pdf
Grateful 7 speech thanking everyone that has helped.pdf
 
Call Girls In Panjim North Goa 9971646499 Genuine Service
Call Girls In Panjim North Goa 9971646499 Genuine ServiceCall Girls In Panjim North Goa 9971646499 Genuine Service
Call Girls In Panjim North Goa 9971646499 Genuine Service
 
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usageInsurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
Insurers' journeys to build a mastery in the IoT usage
 
VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝 Cash Payment (COD) 👒
VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow  ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝  Cash Payment (COD) 👒VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow  ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝  Cash Payment (COD) 👒
VIP Call Girls In Saharaganj ( Lucknow ) 🔝 8923113531 🔝 Cash Payment (COD) 👒
 
Call Girls Navi Mumbai Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Navi Mumbai Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...Call Girls Navi Mumbai Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Navi Mumbai Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
 
Famous Olympic Siblings from the 21st Century
Famous Olympic Siblings from the 21st CenturyFamous Olympic Siblings from the 21st Century
Famous Olympic Siblings from the 21st Century
 
KYC-Verified Accounts: Helping Companies Handle Challenging Regulatory Enviro...
KYC-Verified Accounts: Helping Companies Handle Challenging Regulatory Enviro...KYC-Verified Accounts: Helping Companies Handle Challenging Regulatory Enviro...
KYC-Verified Accounts: Helping Companies Handle Challenging Regulatory Enviro...
 
Forklift Operations: Safety through Cartoons
Forklift Operations: Safety through CartoonsForklift Operations: Safety through Cartoons
Forklift Operations: Safety through Cartoons
 
M.C Lodges -- Guest House in Jhang.
M.C Lodges --  Guest House in Jhang.M.C Lodges --  Guest House in Jhang.
M.C Lodges -- Guest House in Jhang.
 

Territorial marketing - when places become products Kazinsbarcika, Hungary, 2011

  • 1. Territorial Marketing When Places become products Kazinsbarcika July 13th 2011 François Parvex Sport, culture, gardens Land of precision One comes to succeed and then stays for pleasure
  • 2. 2 Resource: Territory Geografical space, where people are active … or not
  • 3. 3 Resource: Users Tourists Population Public sector Enterprises Investors Plants and animals
  • 4. 4 Ressource: Perceptions Everybody has his/her perception of the reality ! Everybody is wrong ! Everybody is right !
  • 5. 5 Resource: Images to merge Percieved images Promoted image Reality
  • 6. 6 Territorial Marketingor Marketing of Places Competitive positioning of a territory in order to attract, welcome andkeep users, which will create value (qualitative, quantitative) Application of the marketing model to a territory Litterature : Philipp Kotler, Place Marketing Patrice Noisette, Marketing urbain Benoit Meyronin, Le marketing territorial
  • 7. 7 Marketing Model identify one or more Target Groups (segmentation), identify their needs, design a marketing mix (4P) : define and create a product or a service determine its price design and implement its promotion and its distribution (placement) organize and deliver the after sale service Goal Users satisfaction 4P
  • 8. 8 Objectives Give sense to the daily living environment architecture, art, signalization safety, innovation, atmosphere Chose and implement a project, which is likely to meet a demand, internal or external, which offers something people are likely to buy or to use Improve the territorial competitiveness Offer an emotional experience to the users Become pretty and desirable Seduct the outside and mobilize the inside
  • 9. 9 Possible topics Life quality (leisure, health) Attract new residents Attract or facilitate the creation of new enterprises Tourism Marketing City Management Marketing of regional products Marketing of territorial institutions Nature protection …
  • 10. 10 Possible levers to build on Alliances and networks Trade Marks Marketing of personalities Labels Sportainment Communication Clusters Culture Architecture and characteristic buildings (staging)
  • 11. 11 4 éléments of a strategy Goals: What do we want to realize ? – Taking into account our starting situation and the resources we can build on (people, enterprises, environment, public sector, external partners, money) Products and markets: Which are the products, services, ideas, values we want to offer or sell and to whom ? Drivers of competitiveness: How do we intend to win the market (price, promotion, branding) ? Collaborations (economic systems, supply chains) : Which new activities should we create ? – How can we distribute and sell our products and services ?
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. Example: Crans-Montana (2) Users (one partial vision developed for each users’ group): Population, enterprises, tourists, residents (foreigners with tax lump sum) Topics: Leisure – Work – Health Territorial Marketing Plan (Logical Framework): Goal Expected Results Projects Democratic consolidation 14
  • 15. Example: Only Lyon ADERLY (all most important stakeholders) Label Only Lyon Ambassadors (network, kit) Entry doors: Parking lots 15
  • 19.
  • 21. Vine and wine Museum
  • 22. Discovery packagePutting everything together
  • 24. Example: TechnoArc Sierre Topic: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Enterprises hotel Incubator (premises, coaching) Education, R&D Common premises (conference rooms, exhibition lobby, cafeteria, restaurant) Management (selling and hiring of premises, organization of events, promotion, internal and external communication, coordination with the partner Municipalities and the State) 21