field visit report

2. Page1
The study of Occupational Health and Safety in Textile industry examines to promote Health and
safety to the workers in Bangladesh, Dhaka. The Hazards and risk involved in the textile industry
is high compared with other industries and least importance are given to textile industries. Most
of accident do not come to the legal formalities. The People are not aware of Health & safety is
due to the workers are uneducated and management not given importance due to promote OHS
in Textile industry becomes a barriers in implementing OHS. The major hazards happen are
physical, chemical, ergonomically & physiologically hazards along with these some of things
which can create hazards are more working hours, improper ventilation. The RPN (Risk priority
number) has been find out for all the hazards in the textile industry and FEA (fault tree analysis)
is done for the hazard with highest RPN no.
Keywords: occupational health safety, Hazards, risk, legal formalities, working hours, RPN
ABSTRACT

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It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in the
development of this work and who influenced my thinking, behavior and acts during the course
of study.
I express my sincere gratitude to worthy placement head for who providing me an opportunity to
go indristrial field.
I also extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Sk.AkhtarAhmad who provided valuable suggestion and
precious time a accomplishing my field visit report. Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty
and my friend with whom I shared my day to day experience and received loss of suggestion that
improved my quality of report.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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S.no. Contain Page no.
1. Acknowledge 2
2. Introduction 4-6
3. Objective of the study 7
4. Missionof visit 8
5. Type of hazards 9-13
6. Literature review 14
7. methodology 15
8. Data outcome 16-18
9. Suggestion 19-20
TABLE

5. Page4
A textile is a flexible material c omprised of a network of natural artificial fibers often referred to
as thread or yam. Textile are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting or pressing fibers together.
The textile industry ( also known is the united kingdom and Australia as the rag trade) is a term
used for industry grew out of the industrial revolution in the 19th century as mass producting of
clothing became a mainstream industry.
By the 20th century the industry in the developed world had developed a bad reputation, often
involving immigrants in illegal “sweat shops’’ full of people working on textile manufacturing
and sewing machines being paid less then minimum wages. This trend has resulted due to
attempts to protect existing industries which are being challenged by developing countries in
south east Asia, the Indian subcontinent and more recently, central America. Whilst globalization
has seen the manufacturing outsourced to overseas labor markets, there has been a trend to shift
focus to the more white Collin associated industries of fashion design, fashion modelling and
retail.
The Garment industry of Bangladesh has been the key export division and a main source of foreign
exchange for the last 25 years. At present, the country generates about $5 billion worth of products
each year by exporting garment. The industry provides employment to about 3 million workers of
whom 90% are women. Two non-market elements have performed a vital function in confirming
the garment industry’s continual success; these elements are:
(a) Quotas under Multi- Fibred Arrangement1 (MFA) in the North American market
(b) Special market entry to European markets Bangladesh’s industrial base, which has remained
stagnant over the past two decades, is very narrow, contributing to about 11.5 percent of the GDP
(BBS, 2001). Within this narrow industrial sector, however, the ready-made garments (RMG)
industry has flourished as its most dynamic sector.
Since its modest beginning in the early 1980s, the industry has contributed to the economy
appreciably in terms of employment, output, and foreign exchange earnings. Moreover,
employing as it does more than 1 million young women, the industry has brought about a
noticeable change in society as well as in intra-household gender relations. The phasing out of
the MFA by the end of 2004, together with ever-increasing globalization, will exert intense
competitive pressure on Bangladesh’s RMG industry. As the future of the manufacturing sector
and the overall economy crucially depends on the performance of this industry, a matter of
serious concern is how far, and in what manner, the RMG industry will face up to the challenge
of the post-MFA trading scenario.
The textile industry in Bangladesh has been an important contributor to the economy for
centuries, and today is one of the country's most crucial economic sectors. According to the
country's Ministry of Textiles and Jute, its textile and apparel industry encompasses textile
processes from spinning; weaving; knitting including hosiery and knit dyeing; dyeing and
Chapter 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

6. Page5
finishing; yarn dyeing; and sewing thread; up to the final outputs, including ready-made
garments and nonwovens such as technical textiles.
According to the most recent Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association
(BGMEA) Statistical Report, Bangladesh's woven apparel exports increased by 1.8 percent in
2007 for a value of US$4.61 billion, while knitwear exports increased by 8.05 percent in the
same year, for a value of US$4.74 billion. Data from the report suggest that in 2007, the sector
overall experienced growth of 4.67 percent - a rate not quite as good as rates achieved in
previous years, but reasonable compared to growth by regional competitors.
Though exports of both woven garments and knitwear have increased substantially, helping the
RMG sector maintain its role as a main contributor to Bangladesh's economy, a few other textile
products show potential, as they recently have experienced considerable growth. According to
the country's Export Promotion Bureau, in July 2008 over July 2007, home textiles exports
increased by 55.19 percent, and terry towel exports increased by 34.4 percent. However, the
biggest growth was in exports of textile fabric - though representing a very small part of total
exports, it showed a massive 697.9-percent increase in exports in July 2008 over July 2007.
Woven garments and knitwear mainly are exported to the European Union (EU) - which takes in
approximately 60 percent of Bangladesh's total RMG exports - followed by the United States,
which accounts for more than 32 percent of the total.
For the first time in the RMG sector's history, knitwear exports exceeded woven apparel exports
in 2007. Knitwear has become the dominant sub-sector in terms of quantity exported - with a
national export share of 37.39 percent in FY 2006-07 - and it is steadily gaining share. Over
time, the knitwear sector has become almost self-sufficient in terms of fabric and yarn supply, as
a result of spinning factories growing at the same rate as the country's stitching capacity,
therefore increasing fabric and yarn needs. Furthermore, as knitwear exports have increased,
upstream supplier capacity has gradually increased correspondingly. As a result, domestic
suppliers can provide 90 percent of the sector's total fabric requirement. In addition, the number
of spinning mills has grown as knitwear exports have increased.
Textile and RMG (Ready Made Garments) are leading export-led industries in Bangladesh, in
respect of foreign currency earning and employment. Recently, in the past-MFA era, the composite
knitting industries are playing the crucial roles in country's RMG sector. Among Them, It has been
possible because of its multi-dimensional and epoch-making activities since its inception in 1998.
The study of Delta Composite Knitting Industries Ltd in textile industry in Dhaka is studied by
checklist method, questionnaire method, workers interaction. The Study monitor the Delta
Composite Knitting Industries Ltd in textile industry includes five major sectors they are
 Ginning Industry
 Spinning Industry

7. Page6
 Weaving Industry
 Dyeing Industry
 Garment Industry
The hazards are prioritized by the based on the RPN number. The RPN number is calculated by
the multiplication of severity, probability and detect ability.
RPN = Severity x probability x Delectability.
RPN is calculated for all the hazards involved which is involved in the textile industry. The
maximum value of risk priority number is 1000. The process involved in spinning indusries are
mixing, blow room, carding, comber, drawing ,simplex, spinning, auto corner ,packing. The
hazards are also controlled by
 Safety Audit
 Safety survey
 Identifying Hazards
 Risk Analysis
 Risk estimation
 Job safety analysis
 Safety promotion
 Emergency preparedness
 Safety sample
 Safety committee
 Safety inspection
The Delta Group (Delta Accessories ltd.)
The Delta is a composite unit, having knitting, dyeing, finishing and sewing units under a single
roof. Beside, we have our own printing, embroidery and washing units on the same premises. All
these unit work as an integrated whole to meet the buyer's stipulated time and need based
demands.
Paid up capital: 10 million Taka
Average Annual Turn Over: 36 million us$
Location of the Delta Group:
DCKIL The factory is located at kashimpur, Gazipur - 30 minutes drive from the Zia International
Airport, Dhaka. The total factory space is 256,332 sq ft, including two 6-storied, one 5-storied and
one 3-storied builiding. The factory arena is highly protected with boundry walls and private
security guards. A camp of bangladesh govt's ansar force in also established within the premises
to confirm cent per cent security.

8. Page7
The main objective of the study is conducted due to the Reasons:
 Measure work environment issues such that noise, temperature, lighting humidity.
 To find out Hazards in the Textile and tell the accurate control measure.
 Detect unsafe working condition in the Textile industries.
 To identify hazards in textile industry and provide with appropriate remedial measures
 To identify areas in which the hazards are involve.
 To identify how to industry can made free from risk.
 To give suggestion for avoiding the hazards.
OUTCOME:
• To make working environment more safe and healthier. Immediate action must be taken to
control this hazard to save workers health and promote safety.
Regulations and procedures intended to prevent accident or injury in workplaces or public
environments.
Occupational safety and health (OSH) also commonly referred to as occupational health and
safety(OHS) or workplace health and safety (WHS) is an area concerned with
the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. OSH may also protect
co-workers, family members, employers, customers, and many others who might be affected by
the workplace environment. In the United States the term occupational health and safety is referred
to as occupational health and occupational and non-occupational safety and includes safety for
activities outside work.
Occupational safety and health can be important for moral, legal, and financial reasons. In
common-law jurisdictions, employers have a common law duty (reflecting an underlying moral
obligation) to take reasonable care for the safety of their employees, Statute law may build upon
this to impose additional general duties, introduce specific duties and create government bodies
with powers to regulate workplace safety issues: details of this will vary from jurisdiction to
jurisdiction. Good OSH practices can also reduce employee injury and illness related costs,
including medical care, sick leave and disability benefit costs.
REMEDIALMEASURES
Remedial Measures means taking steps to alleviate something we don't desire to experience.
1.3 Define Health And Safety?
1.2 OBJECTIVE

9. Page8
The study of industrial Hazard and Safety in Textile industry examines to promote Health and
safety to the workers in Bangladesh. The Hazards and risk involved in the textile industry is high
Compared with other industries and least importance is given to textile industries. Most of
accident does not come to the legal formalities. The People are not aware of Health & safety is
due to the workers are uneducated and management not given importance due to promote OHS
in Textile industry becomes a barriers in implementing OHS. The major hazards happen are
physical, chemical, ergonomically & physiologically hazards along with these some of things
which can create hazards are more working hours, improper ventilation. The RPN (Risk priority
number) has been find out for all the hazards in the textile industry and FEA is done for the
hazard with highest RPN no.
Major health and safety issue in textile industry
1.5 The Major Health and Safety Issues in the Textile Industry
1.4 Mission of visit
EXPOSURETO COTTON
DUST
EXPOSURETO CHEMICALS
EXPOSURETO NOISE ERGONOMIC ISSUES

10. Page9
1.6 TYPES OF HAZARDS
1.6.1 PHYSICAL HAZARD
it includes noise, fire, temperature etc.
HAZARD REMEDIAL MEASURE
• Isolation of the machine and silencer must be
kept
• Inverted drive control noise in ring frame
• Proper maintenance lubricating control noise
Remark: moderate (3+3+3)
• Dust collector
• Proper house keeping
• Necessary PPE should wear by worker
Remark: moderate (3+3+4)
• Proper lightening condition
• Keep your backbone straight while lifting load
• Pull the load as close to the body
• Lift and carry loads with straight arms
Remark: very good (5+5+5)
• Restrict unauthorised person to do welding
• ACB ( Air circuit breaker), MCB (motor circuit
breaker)
• Remark: fair (4+4+4)
• Proper ventilation condition
• Proper house keeping
• Remark: (4)
NOISE
(Noise induced hearing loss Tinnitus)
DUST
(Causes respiratory problems and causes Byssinosis, a
disease caused by cotton dust)
LIGHT (eye strain and glaring)
• LIFTING HEAVY WEIGHT
(Muscular skeletal disorders)
FIRE SAFETY HAZARDS
Loss of life, damages to the equipment
• WELDING OPERATION
(Spark ignition is very dangerous)
• ELECTRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT
HAPPENS
(If no trips occur it gets sparks and get fire
VENTILATION
(Ventilation cause suffocation)
 Cause respiratory disease
 Breathlessness……etc.
PHYSICAL
MECHANICAL ERGONOMICALLY
CHEMICAL

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TEMPERATURE
• Impropertemperature
• Improperfoodstorage
CLEANLINESS
Improper floor
Improper dust
HUMIDITY
• Improper humidity
• Improper workplace
ELECTRICITY FITTING HAZARD
It includes short circuit etc.
• Improper earthing (trip occurs)
• Improper isolation (electric shock)
• Motor high speed rotating due to
high voltage (causes problem to the
machine)
• Usage of old wire (not proper
current flow)
• Input power cable exceeds more
output (cable melting and heated)
• Looping in the running line
(electronics PCB)
• Electrical maintenance (ECB board
check the connection grease the
motor frequently)
• Moisture (proper wiring)
 Proper temperature maintenances
 Temperature kept in control
 ACB ( Air circuit breaker), MCB (motor circuit
breaker)
Remark: (4+4+4= 12)
 Proper cleanness
 Maintenance floor to protect from hazard
 Necessary PPE should wear by worker
Remark: (4+4+4= 12)
 Avoid improper temperature
 Avoid more humidity
 Manage proper temperature
Remark: (5+5+5= 15)
 Avoid improper earthing and loose connections
 All circuits to be enclosed in a proper circuit
 Moisture to kept in control
 Circuit breaker must be individual
 Use of wires as per electrical standards
 Input wire must be more power than output
 Avoid looping
 Needs preventive maintenance
 Remark: fair (4)
HAZARD REMEDIAL MEASURE

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1.6.2 ERGONOMICAL HAZARDS
it includes Continuous work and improper workstations
• Uncomfortable work station and height (pain
in hands and legs)
• Repetitive strain injuries (wrist, neck,
shoulder, neck, knee, angle)
• Importance to ergonomics
• Proper working procedure
Remark: poor (9)
1.6.3 PPE
(Personal protective equipment)
HAZARDS
• Not interested to work (physiological problem)
• Production target (stress to the worker)
REMEDIALMEASURES
• Give counselling
• Set achievable target
REMEDIALMEASURESHAZARD
FEA for FireHazard in TextileIndustry
1.7 OVERALL

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All textile-manufacturing processes generate environmental pollution. Workers are exposed to the risk of
breathing air polluted with dust and fly and contracting respiratory ailments, byssinosis (lung disease),
chronic bronchitis etc. Cotton diseases called as Bygones is the most common problem found in ginning
industry.
• To minimize the effect of these floating fibers or impurities, the humidified air which is
circulated in the spinning and weaving department is filtered so as to separate these
floating impurities from the air.
• The workroom should not be more than 0.2mgm3 and controlled by some specific task.
• The cotton dust should be dumped with proper care and avoid storing in open container.
• Excessive drying should be avoided, if it dry the cotton dust will fly fast
1.7.2 Air Pollution Created by Textile Machineries
1.7.1 FEA for Cotton Industry
1.7.3 REMEDIAL MEASURES

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• Because of high spindle speeds reached on new machines (ring spindles up to 20000 rpm,
rotor up to 110000 rpm) spinning mills can generally be assumed to generate a great deal
of noise. Noise levels of 70 to 100 dB are commonly recorded in workrooms.
• However, permissible limit set up at 90 dB by Federal Standards of USA for maximum
exposure duration of 8 hours per day.
• Noise level can be lowered by the use of noise control enclosures, absorbers, silencers
and baffles and by the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as earmuffs.
• Where technical methods are insufficient, noise exposure may be reduced by the use of
hearing protection
• By administrative controls such as limiting the time spent in noisy environment.
• Scheduling noisy operation outside normal shifts or at distant location.
1.7.4 NOISE LEVEL
1.7.5 REMEDIAL MEASURES

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The hazards happening in the Textile industries are Mechanical Hazards, physical hazards,
chemical hazards, Ergonomic hazards and physiological hazards. Exposure of cotton disease
called Bysinosis .The Symptoms are chest tightness, breaking problem, asthma and irritation in
the Respiratory track. The study tells about the accumulation of workers, improper condition of
the machine, ergonomic problem faced by the worker, dust problems, poor lighting, ventilation
and unaware of personal protective equipment not given OHS in these industries. Education is
the fundamental right that helps the Growth of nation. The education help the workers to get
knowledge about medical rights, legal and social behavior. The people are uneducated most of
them do not know OHS at work place .
Ready made garment (RMG) are mass produced finished textile products of the clouthing
industry. Some common types of RMG are shirt, paint, sweaters, t-shirt etc. orign of the RMG
was after 1970 after the decreasing demand of jute industry. It took decades to stand itself as the
leading profile making sector of our country. Today with many public and private organizers are
giving the technological and other facilities for this sector as a result it is becoming strong and
has shaped thus today.
Mohammad salim zahargier, nimalathasan balasundaram (2010) mentioned in their paper that
two main sources of economic growth of Bangladesh have manufacturing and servicing, both
crucially dependent on the economic perforence of the country and another paper already say
factors affecting employees perforence is RMG sector in Chittagong, Bangladesh.
The Company unaware and lack of OHS some of them are training, housekeeping, accident
prevention ,hospital facility ,safety To control the noise level in the company premises and outside
the company necessary action must be taken that noise regulation must be adopted.
To maintain the quality and production, the health of worker is essential .The most important
Hazard in occupational is noise. The Main cause of noise problem in the weaving and spinning
industry is due to the poor design, overload and old machinery.
Chapter 2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW

16. Page15
5.1 GINNING INDUSTRY
The cotton in a machine which is used to separate the cotton fiber from the seeds and the cotton
send to the textile for making yarn. The one of main Hazard in ginning industry is fire, the causes
of fire happens in the Ginning Industry are Electrical, Manmade Behavior, spark from the Machine
and stored Raw cotton in sunlight and other causes
5.2 SPINNING INDUSTRY
The textiles are fabricated into clothes. Noise is the main hazard in textile industry. The noise
pollution (Regulation and control) rule 2000 in industrial area was 75db at Day Time [6 AM to
10 AM] and Night time [10 PM to 6 AM].The fire accidents occur in textile mills are often. The
Hazards in the spinning mills are more compare to other sectors of textile industry because the
Raw material cotton exposed to the fire easily.
5.3 Working and Living Condition of Worker
5.4 Overworked Labour Force
All workers, whether they are willingly to work or non will to work they are forced to work for
12 hours. These 12 hours does not include overtime. Some workers complaint that they are
forcing to work more than that time. As per Factories act 1948 under chapter -6 working hours of
Adults in section 51, no worker should not work more than 48 hour in a week and compensation
Holiday must be given for Extra working days.
5.5 Unprotected Working Condition
As we know that inhalation of cotton fiber leads to BYSONIS. So it is compulsory to use Masks
for these working Environment but no one following these safety Measure. As per factories act
1948, under chapter -4, under section 27 says, prohibition of employment of women and children
near cotton opener.
1) Task observation
2) Accident ill health or near miss data.
3) Workplace inspections.
4) Job safety analysis.
5) Legal standards
6) Guidance; ILO, OSHA, ISO, HSE….. etc.
7) Consultation.
Chapter 3
3.1 METHODOLOGY
3.2 How we observation

17. Page16
Data are the raw materials for any study. Relevant data for the study were collected from only
primary sources (Checklist.).
Two types of primary data were collected in the study qualitative and quantitative.
1. Quantitative data:
Data were gather from observation of worker activities.
2. Qualitative data:
Data were collected from interview.
Visited organization’s profile
Name of the organization : Delta Group (Delta Accessories ltd.)
Year of establishment : 1998
Production : Garments and Accessories
Raw material (s) use : Fabrics, dye and other accessories.
Working shift : 2 shifts (day and night), 8 hours regular + 4 hours
overtime every day.
Man power: 5000
Section Male Female Total
Office section 350 300 650
Production 1200 2350 3550
Engineering /Maintenance 450 50 500
Security 300 0 300
Total 2300 2700 5000
3.3 Data

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Total Assessment result
Total Physical hazard in work place:
Maximum score Minimum Score Assessed score
45+45+45 = 135 9+9+9 = 27 36+37+36= 109
Total Mechanical hazard in work place:
Maximum score Minimum Score Assessed score
20+20+20= 60 4+4+4= 12 12+11+11= 34
Total Chemical hazard in work place:
Maximum score Minimum Score Assessed score
25+25+25= 75 5+5+5= 15 15+15+15= 45
Total Ergonomical hazard in work place:
Maximum score Minimum Score Assessed score
30+30+30= 90 6+6+6= 18 9+9+9= 27
Evaluation of result and Analysis
Organisational total Hazard
Maximum score Minimum score Assessed score
360 72 215
Overall organisational hazard score is 202 out of 360. So Assessed hazard is 59.722% which is
more than the average and that’s mean hazard situation is not worrying. Organisation should take
into consideration that there are hazards they should minimize for the workers as well for
organisations better functioning. If we look into specific hazard categories, it is clear that
workers are working in hazardous situation. For Physical hazard: maximum score is 135 and
hazard assessed score is 108 which mean good. Workers are working in good condition.
Mechanical hazard: maximum score is 60 and hazard assessed 22. It is also good for the workers.

19. Page18
Chemical hazard: maximum score is 75 and assessed hazard score is 45 which is average.
Ergonomical hazard: maximum score is 90 and assessed hazard score is 27 which mean poor and
workers are working in hazardous situation.
PPE Use:
Maximum score Minimum Score Assessed score
105 21 21
Evaluation and result of PPE use:
Employee PPE facilities are poor. As above mentioned table shows the data that our listed
facilities Overall organisation score is 21 out of 150. Therefore employee did not use PPE.
Welfare of the Employee and Health Hygiene:
Total facilities Available Not available
24 24 nil
Employee welfare and facilities are good. As above mentioned table shows the data that our
listed facilities are 24 (organisation should have) for the employee but in reality organisation is
providing 24 facilities which are maximum.

20. Page19
• Upgrade the existing technology or apply BD-EPA act. It is an act to provide for the
protection, conservation, rehabilitation and improvement of environment, for the
prevention and control of pollution, and promotion of sustainable development.
• In order to reduce dust emission from machinery it is proposed to cover up the moving
parts of machines, the proper maintenance and correct alignment of the gin machinery.
• Also OSHA standards can be used in textile industry of Bangladesh in order to improve
the health and safety aspects of the labor.
• Noise level can be lowered by the use of noise control enclosures, absorbers, silencers and
baffles and by the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as earmuffs.
Permissible limit set up at 90 dB by Federal Standards of USA for maximum exposure
duration of 8 hours per day.
• Where technical methods are insufficient, noise exposure may be reduced by the use of
hearing protection
• By administrative controls such as limiting the time spent in noisy environment.
• Organisation/Industry should pay attention more on facilities they should provide
• In the industry, ergonomic hazard is very high; they (authority) should pay attention on it.
• Employees are not using PPE enough during work. It should be increased to ensure to
minimize accidents of worker during work.
• Scheduling noisy operation outside normal shifts or at distant location.
• To minimize the effect of these floating fibres or impurities, the humidified air which is
circulated in the spinning and weaving department is filtered so as to separate these floating
impurities from the air.
• The workroom should not be more than 0.2mgm3 and controlled by some specific task.
• The cotton dust should be dumped with proper care and avoid storing in open container.
• Excessive drying should be avoided, if it dry the cotton dust will fly fast.
• The above presentation has demonstrated the hazards and risk involved and their
remedial measures in the five main sector of textile industries Ginning Industry Spinning
Industry Weaving Industry Dyeing Industry and Garment Industry but the spinning and
ginning industries are highlighted more due to their immense impact on workers
regarding health and safety.
4.2 SUMMARY
Chapter 4
4.1 SUGGESTION

21. Page20
• The hazards involved in textile industries are mainly noise, dust, fire and electrical
hazards are found by calculated RPN number,
• The RPN number is calculated by the multiplication of severity, probability and detect
ability. RPN = Severity x probability x Delectability, comparing to other hazards the
maximum RPN is found to be harmful to the workers.
• Immediate action must be taken to control this hazard to save workers health and promote
safety.
The presented study has demonstrated the hazards and risk involved in the spinning and ginning
industries. The main hazards are noise, dust, fire and electrical hazards is found by calculated
RPN number, comparing to other hazards the maximum RPN is found to be harmful to the
workers. So Immediate action must be taken to control these hazard to save workers health and
promote safety to worker.
4.3 CONCLUSION