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Jithin Parakka
Department of Computer Science
Pondicherry University

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• Cloud Middleware
• Amazon EC2
• Eucalyptus
• Openstack
• Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud
• Google App Engine
• Approaches to enable multi-tenancy
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Middleware is a general term for any program that serves to "glue together"
or mediate between two separate and often already existing programs.
Cloud Middleware is software used to integrate services, applications and
content available on the cloud.
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Data management
Identity / security management
User interfaces and portals
Billing and metering
Management and monitoring
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Image Repository
User Portal Compute Servers
Cloud Controller
Block Storage
User
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Image Repository
User Portal Compute Servers
Cloud Controller
Block Storage
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User
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Cloud Controller
VM VM VM VM
Node Node Node Node
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Virtual Virtual Virtual
Virtual Machine Machine Machine Machine
Management
Hypervisor
Physical Hardware
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Applications Applications
Gust OS Gust OS
Virtual Hardware Virtual Hardware
Virtual Machine Software Layer
Physical Hardware
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Virtual machine talks to VMM which communicates with the hardware
platform
CPU understands the unmodified instructions generated by Virtualized
OS
Advantages
Complete decoupling of the software from the hardware
Complete isolation of different applications
Disadvantages
VMM should provide additionally virtual bios, virtual memory space
and virtual devices
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Applications Applications
Applications
Gust OS Gust OS
Host OS Virtual Hardware Virtual Hardware
Virtual Machine Software Layer
Physical Hardware
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Guest OS uses specialized API that talks to the VMM which sends the
virtualization requests to the hardware.
VMM does not need a resource intensive translation of instructions.
Advantages
Near native performance
Migration
Disadvantages
Not applicable for Windows OS
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Allow multiple operating systems, termed guests, to run
concurrently on a host computer.
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A software implementation of a computing environment in which an
operating system (OS) or program can be installed and run.
Typically emulates a physical computing environment.
Requests for CPU, memory, hard disk, network and other hardware
resources are managed by a virtualization layer which translates these
requests to the underlying physical hardware.
Advantages.
Multiple OS environments can co-exist on the same computer.
Application provisioning, maintenance, high availability and disaster
recovery.
Disadvantages
Security
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Look up and retrieval system for virtual machine images.
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Contain Core Operating System and essential tools.
It’s a prototype from which virtual servers are created.
Can be obtained from public repository.
Or you can create yourself.
An image have unique ID and it is used to provision the image.
Contain three part
Kernel Image.
Ramdisk Image.
Is an initial root file system that is mounted prior to when the real
root file system is available
Root File System image.
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Create a virtual disk image
ˆ Installing the OS
ˆ Installing required applications
ˆ Make the OS ready to run on cloud
Registering the images with image repository
ˆ Testing the image
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Provide block level storage that you can mount from your instances.
You can format it as your wish.
 With multiple block you can create RAID.
You can take Snapshot of volume
Back up.
Replication.
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A GUI for users to access the cloud.
User can
Launch Instances.
Shut down or terminate.
List available images.
List running instances.
Manage security groups.
Manage block storage.
Manage IP address.
Create Key pairs.
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Elasticfox.
Hybridfox.
Authenticate using credentials.
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Euca2ools.
User can
Launch Instances.
Shut down or terminate.
List available images.
List running instances.
Manage security groups.
Manage block storage.
Manage IP address.
Create Key pairs.
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Cryptographic Keypairs to verify access to instances.
Contain two keys
Public key: saved within cloud.
Private key: output to the user as character string.
Public key is injected to VM when instance starts.
When attempting to login to the VMinstance using SSH, the public key is
checked against your private key to verify access.
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A security group is a set of networking rules applied to instances.
When you first create an instance, it is assigned to a default security group
that denies incoming network traffic from all sources.
To allow login and usage of a new instance, you must authorize network
access to the default security group.
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Instances typically have two IPs associated with them.
Private IPs are intended for internal communications between instances
and are usually only routable within a cloud.
Public IPs are used for external access and are usually routable outside of
cloud.
With elastic IPs the user gains control over a set of static IP addresses. Once
allocated to the user, those same IPs can be dynamically associated to
running instances, overriding pre-assigned public IPs.
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On-premise and Hybrid Cloud Infrastructure as a Service.
It uses existing infrastructure to create a scalable, secure web services layer
that abstracts compute, network and storage to offer IaaS.
Eucalyptus web services are uniquely designed for hybrid clouds using the
industry standard Amazon Web Services™ (AWS) API.
Research project in the Computer Science Department at the University of
California, Santa Barbara.
Elastic Utility Computing Architecture Linking Your Programs To Useful
Systems.
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Amazon AWS Interface Compatibility
High-Availability IaaS Service
Quota Management and Accounting
Flexible Clustering
User Group and Role-Based Access
Network Management, Security
Management
Groups, Traffic Isolation
Self-service User Portal*
Elasticity and Self-Service Capability
VMware Hypervisor Support*
Bucket-Based Storage Abstraction (S3-
Virtual-to-Virtual Image Conversion for
Compatible)
VMware*
Block-Based Storage Abstraction (EBS-
Robust SAN Integration*
Compatible)
Xen and KVM Hypervisor Support
Microsoft Windows Guest Support
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Node Controller (NC)
Cluster Controller (CC)
Walrus Storage Controller (WS3)
Storage Controller (SC)
Cloud Controller (CLC)
VMware Broker
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Component that runs on every nodes.
Virtual Machines lifecycle management.
Maintains local ache of instance images.
Manage the virtual network end point.
Queries and control the system software.
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Gather information about set of Node Controllers.
Schedule a virtual machine execution on a specific Node controller.
Manage the virtual machine network.
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Persistent storage for both virtual machine images and users data using
REST and SOAP.
In walrus data is stored as objects and organized in buckets.
Interface compatible with Amazone Simple Storage Service (S3).
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Provides persistent block storage that can be dynamically attached to the
virtual machine.
The SC is capable of interfacing with various storage systems
(NFS, iSCSI, SAN devices, etc.)
Allow creation of snapshots of volumes.
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Front end of the entire cloud infrastructure.
Entry point into the cloud for administrators, developers, project managers
and end users.
Monitoring resources: Queries other components for information about
resources.
Resource abstraction: Decide which cluster will be used for provisioning the
instances.
Monitoring the running instances.
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Cloud Controller Node Controller
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kvm-ok
INFO: /dev/kvm does not exist
HINT: sudo modprobe kvm_intel
INFO: Your CPU supports KVM extensions
KVM acceleration can be used
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Assigns a random MAC address to the VM instance before booting and
attaches the VM instance's Ethernet device to the physical Ethernet through
the node's local Xen bridge.
VM instances typically obtain an IP address using DHCP.
Administrator configures Eucalyptus with a 'map' of MAC address/IP
Address pairs
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Maintain a DHCP server with static mappings for each VM instance that is
created.
Allows Eucalyptus expose a capability similar to Amazon's 'security groups.
Elastic IP is supported in this mode only.
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1. Download the Eucalyptus release key from
http://www.eucalyptus.com/eucalyptus-cloud/security/keys.
2. Add the public key to the list of trusted keys.
apt-key add c1240596-eucalyptus-release-key.pub
3. Create a file in /etc/apt/sources.list.d called eucalyptus.list with the
following content:
deb http://downloads.eucalyptus.com/software/eucalyptus/3.1/ubuntu
precise main
4. On all machines that will run either Eucalyptus or Euca2ools, create a file
in /etc/apt/sources.list.d called euca2ools.list with the following content:
deb http://downloads.eucalyptus.com/software/euca2ools/2.1/ubuntu
precise main
Now install packages
apt-get install eucalyptus-cloud eucalyptus-cc eucalyptus-sc eucalyptus-
walrus
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1. Download the Eucalyptus release key from
http://www.eucalyptus.com/eucalyptus-cloud/security/keys.
2. Add the public key to the list of trusted keys.
apt-key add c1240596-eucalyptus-release-key.pub
3. Create a file in /etc/apt/sources.list.d called eucalyptus.list with the
following content:
deb http://downloads.eucalyptus.com/software/eucalyptus/3.1/ubuntu
precise main
4. On all machines that will run either Eucalyptus or Euca2ools, create a file
in /etc/apt/sources.list.d called euca2ools.list with the following content:
deb http://downloads.eucalyptus.com/software/euca2ools/2.1/ubuntu
precise main
Now install packages
apt-get install eucalyptus-nc
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Open source IaaS cloud computing project started by Rackspace Cloud and
NASA in 2010.
Currently OpenStack is a global collaboration of more than hundred
companies including Dell, AMD, Intel, hp, SUSE, redhat etc.
Currently has packages for CentOS, Fedora, RHEL, Debian, and Ubuntu.
Hypervisors supported by open stack are Xen, KVM, VMware V-Sphere and
Hyper-V.
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OpenStack compute - Nova
OpenStack object storage - Swift
OpenStack image service - Glance
Identity Service - Keystone
UI service - Horizon
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A package stack of applications from Canonical.
UEC includes a number of open source tools to manage the infrastructure,
including open source cloud software Eucalyptus.
KVM support.
Interface compatibility with EC2.
Simple installation and deployment.
Basic administrative tools for system management and user accounting.
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Lets you run web applications on Google's infrastructure.
App Engine applications are easy to build, easy to maintain, and easy to
scale as your traffic and data storage needs grow.
With App Engine, there are no servers to maintain.
You can serve your app from your own domain name.
You can serve your app using a free name on the appspot.com domain.
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Java runtime environment.
Python runtime environments.
Go runtime environment.
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Jithin Parakka
parakkajithin@gmail.com