Immunization is defined as the procedure in which vaccine is injected into body to produce immunity against specifics diseases or it’s a process of protecting person from diseases by vaccination. • Vaccine term was coined by Louis pasteur. • Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent the disease produced by certain pathogens. • Vaccine consists of dead pathogens or live attenuated (artificially weakened) organisms. • The vaccine induces immunity against the pathogen, either by production of antibodies or by activation of T lymphocytes. • Edward Jenner produced first live vaccine. He produced the vaccine for smallpox from cowpox virus.

1. IMMUNIZATION
Immunization is defined as the procedure in which vaccine is injected into body to produce
immunity against specifics diseases or it’s a process of protecting person from diseases by
vaccination.
Passive immunization
Immunity produced without
challenging the immune system.
Active immunization.
Immunity is acquired by activating
immune system by exposing to
antigen
Active Natural Immunization
It is achieved in both clinical and
subclinical infections
Active Artificial Immunization
It is achieved by the
administration of vaccines or
toxoid.
IMMUNIZATION
Passive Natural Immunization
Acquired from the mother before
and after birth maternal
antibodies (mainly IgG) through
placenta. After birth, the
antibodies (IgA) are transferred
through breast milk.
Passive artificial immunization
Developed by injecting
previously prepared antibodies
ex measles etc

2. VACCINE
• Vaccine term was coined by Louis pasteur.
• Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent the disease produced by
certain pathogens.
• Vaccine consists of dead pathogens or live attenuated (artificially weakened) organisms.
• The vaccine induces immunity against the pathogen, either by production of antibodies or
by activation of T lymphocytes.
• Edward Jenner produced first live vaccine. He produced the vaccine for smallpox from
cowpox virus.
COMPONENTOF VACCINE
• Adjuvant-Enhance the immunity (Aluminum hydroxide and Aluminum phosphate)
• Antibiotic- Neomycin (IPV / MMR)
• Preservative- Formaldehyde (Increasing duration)
• Stabilizer- Lactose, sodium, potassium, Albumin (increasing stability)
TYPES OF VACCINE
1. Live-attenuated (weakened) vaccines
These vaccines contain modified strains of a pathogen (bacteria or viruses) that have been
weakened but are able to multiply within the body and remain antigenic enough to induce a
strong immune response.
The oral poliovirus (OPV) vaccine, yellow fever virus vaccine, Measles, mumps, rubella
(MMR combined vaccine), Varicella (chickenpox), Influenza (nasal spray), Rotavirus are
some examples of this type of vaccine.
2. Killed-inactivated vaccines
To produce this type of vaccines, bacteria or viruses are killed or inactivated by a chemical
treatment or heat.
The vaccine in this group includes inactivated poliovirus (IPV), pertussis, rabies, hepatitis A
virus, Japnease Encephatitis, Influenza.
3. Toxoid Vaccines
These vaccines are used when a bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness. When the immune
system receives a vaccine containing a harmless toxoid, it learns how to fight off the natural
toxin. The immune system produces antibodies that block the toxin. i.e. Vaccines against
diphtheria and tetanus.
4. Sub-Unit Vaccines

3. Instead of the entire microbe, subunit vaccines include only the antigens that best stimulate the
immune system.
Subunit vaccines contain only the essential antigens and not all the other molecules that make up
the microbe, the chances of adverse reactions to the vaccine are lower.
Examples of subunit or sub-conjugate vaccine are Hepatitis B, Influenza (injection),
Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), Pertussis (part of DTaP combined immunization),
Pneumococcal, Meningococcal.
LIVE VACCINE KILLED VACCINE
Live Attenuated Inactivated
Contraindicate in Pregnant Female Safe in Pregnancy
Less Stable Stable
More Effective Less Effective
PERIODS OF MAINTAINED IMMUNITY DUE TO VACCINES
 Short period (months): cholera vaccine
 Two years: TAB vaccine (typhoid-paratyphoid A and B vaccine)
 Three to five years: DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus)
 Five or more years: BCG vaccine(Bacillus Calmette–Guérin is a vaccine against
tuberculosis)
 Ten years: yellow fever vaccine
 Solid immunity: measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines

5. BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerine)
Camille Gurien/ Albert calmette discovered BCG
BCG protect against tuberculosis
It is in Powder form diluted in normal saline
BCG Dose = 0.1ml Intra dermal (1 Yr)
At birth = 0.05ml
Scar Formation 2 to 3 weeks short. Permanent Scar 6 – 12 wks
DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus):
Toxoid + Killed
Stored at 2 – 80c
Measles
9 month 1st dose with Vitamin A Supplements
Dilute in distilled water
Gap to be taken 6 Month
Temperature stored at 2-8 degree Celsius
Polio
Polio is given in two variant T1 and T2
Oral Polio Vaccine IV Polio Vaccine
Live Killed
Sabin salk
Stored at -20degree Celsius 2-8 degree Celsius
Not fully safe Safe
Orally 2 drops (0.1ml) IM (0.5 ml) 14 week, IV (0.1ml)
6week and 14 week.
Openvial policy:vial thatare usedtill 4 weeks(28days) afteropeningare OPV,DPT,Hib, TT.
Most remainingvaccine shouldbe usedwithin4-6hoursof opening.

6. AEGI (ADUERSE EVENT FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION):
 BCG Lymphadenitis / osteomyelitis
 MMR [TEF] thrombocytopenia, Encephalopathy, febrile seizure
 OPV Vaccine associated paralytic polio
 TT Brachial neuritis.
 DP1 Seizure, hypo/hypertonic episode
 Influenza GBS, Ocular and Respiratory effects
 Varicella Febrile seizure,
 Rotavirus Intussusceptions
 Measles Toxic shock syndrome
GOVERNMENTSCHEMES
MissionIndradhanush
This mission was launched on 25 December 2014 to cover all children and pregnant mother
against 7 vaccine preventable diseases. The goal was to obtain 90% full immunization coverage
of India and sustain the same by year 2020.
Intensified MissionIndradhanush (IMI) 3.0
Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0 scheme has been rolled out to cover children and
pregnant women who missed routine immunization during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Universal immunization programme protects against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases in
children and pregnant women. Provides vaccination against 12 Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
(VPD) i.e. diphtheria, Whooping cough, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, meningitis and
pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae type B infections, Japanese encephalitis (JE), rotavirus
vaccine, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and measles-rubella (MR).
Vaccination against Japanese Encephalitis and Haemophilus influenzae type B is being
provided in selected districts of the country.