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Chapter11 1
1.
Chapter 11 Engineering Graphics
I Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University © Copyright 2010 © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2.
Objectives: 1. Define axonometric,
isometric, dimetric, and trimetric. 2. Explain the difference between an isometric projection and an isometric drawing. 3. Create an isometric drawing. 4. Use true ellipse, four-center, or an ellipse template to draw a circle in an isometric drawing. 5. Apply the theory of oblique projection to create oblique drawings and sketches. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 2
3.
Axonometric and oblique
pictorial drawings use a parallel projection technique and are frequently used in technical documents, sales literature, maintenance manuals, and documentation supplements in engineering drawings. The Greek word axon means axis and metric means to measure. Axonometric projection is a parallel projection technique used to create pictorial drawings of objects by rotating the object on an axis relative to a projection plane to create a pictorial view. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 3
4.
Figure 11.3 Axonometric drawings
are classified by the angles between the lines comprising the axonometric axes. A#B#C When all three angles are unequal the drawing is classified as a trimetric. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University A=B When two of the three angles are equal the drawing is classified as a dimetric. A=B=C=120o When all three angles are equal the drawing is classified as a isometric. 4
5.
Figure 11.5 An isometric
view of an object is created by rotating it 45 degrees about a vertical axis, then tilted forward until the body diagonal of the cube (A-B) appears as a point in the front view. The angle the cube is titled forward is 35 degrees 16 minutes. The three corners meet to form equal angles of 120 degrees and is called the isometric axis. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 5
6.
Figure 11.6 All the
edges of the cube are parallel to the edges that make up the isometric axis since projections of parallel lines are parallel. Any line that is parallel to one of the legs of the isometric axis is called an isometric line. The planes of the faces of the cube and all planes parallel to them are called isometric planes. The forward tilt of the cube causes the edges and planes of the cube to become foreshortened as it is projected onto the picture plane. Thus the projected lengths are approximately 80% of the true lengths and an isometric projection ruler must be used. If the drawing is drawn at full scale it is called an isometric drawing. Isometric drawings are almost always preferred over isometric projection for engineering drawings, because they are easier to produce. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 6
7.
Figure 11.7 The development
of an isometric scale produced on paper using a regular scale. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 7
8.
Figure 11.9 Regular isometric
looking down on the top of the object. Reversed axis isometric is developed by looking up on the bottom of the object. Long-axis isometric is developed by looking from the right with one axis drawn at 60 degrees to the horizontal. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 8
9.
Figure 11.10 Figure 11.11 nonisometric planes Isometric planes Any
line that runs parallel to any of the isometric axes is called an isometric line. Any line that does not run parallel to an isometric axes is called a non-isometric line. The three faces on the isometric cube are called isometric planes. Isometric planes are surfaces which are parallel to the isometric surfaces formed by any two adjacent isometric axes. Planes which are not parallel to any isometric plane are called non-isometric planes. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 9
10.
Figure 11.13 In isometric
drawings hidden lines are omitted unless absolutely necessary to completely describe the object. Normally, most isometric drawings will not have any hidden lines. You can avoid using hidden lines if the most descriptive viewpoint is chosen. However, there are times when the object has some features which cannot be described no matter which isometric viewpoint is taken. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 10
11.
Figure 11.14 In isometric
drawings center lines are drawn if symmetry must be shown or for dimensioning. Normally, center lines are not used on isometric drawings. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 11
12.
Figure 11.15 Dimensioned isometric drawings
used for production purposes must be ANSI standard, with dimension and extension lines and lines to be dimensioned lying in the same plane © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 12
13.
Figure 11.16 Dimensioned drawings
used for illustration purposes may use the aligned method. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 13
14.
Figure 11.17 Creating a
isometric drawing using the boxing-in method. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 14
15.
Figure 11.18 Constructing nonisometric
lines by locating points in isometric. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 15
16.
Figure 11.19 Locating points
to create an isometric drawing of an irregular object. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 16
17.
Figure 11.20 Creating an
isometric view of an object with an oblique plane. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 17
18.
Figure 11.21 To draw
an angle in an isometric drawing, locate the endpoints of the lines that form the angle and draw the lines between the endpoints. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 18
19.
Figure 11.22 Irregular curves
are drawn in isometric by constructing points along the curve in the multiview drawing which are then located in the isometric view. These points are then connected with an irregular curve drawing instrument. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 19
20.
Figure 11.23 Circles that
lie on any face of an isometric cube will appear as ellipses. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 20
21.
Figure 11.24 The location
of center lines and the major and minor axes of isometric ellipses. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 21
22.
Figure 11.25 Constructing a
true isometric ellipse. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 22
23.
Figure 11.26 R D r Constructing an
ellipse using the four-center ellipse construction method. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 23
24.
Figure 11.27 Four-center ellipses
drawn on the three faces of an isometric cube. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 24
25.
Figure 11.28 The comparison
between a true ellipse and one constructed by the four-center method. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 25
26.
Figure 11.29 Application for
which four-center technique is not used because of accuracy concerns. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 26
27.
Figure 11.32 An ellipse
is drawn on an inclined plane of an isometric drawing by plotting a points on a grid that is on the non-isometric plane. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 27
28.
Figure 11.33 Since arcs
are partial circles, they appear in isometric drawings as partial isometric ellipses. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 28
29.
Figure 11.34 Constructing a
curved intersection on an isometric drawing. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 29
30.
Figure 11.35 The isometric
development of a sphere. Figure 11.36 © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 30
31.
Figure 11.37 Section views
are used to reveal interior features of objects. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 31
32.
Figure 11.38 Development of
a full-section isometric view. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 32
33.
Figure 11.39 Development of
a half-section isometric. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 33
34.
Figure 11.40 Screw threads
are represented by a series of equally spaced isometric ellipses whose major diameter is equal to the diameter of the screw. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 34
35.
Figure 11.41 Representation of
fillets and rounds in isometric drawings. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 35
36.
Figure 11.42 Creating isometric fillets and
rounds. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 36
37.
Figure 11.45 An isometric
grid is a grid paper set using the isometric axes with vertical and diagonal lines. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 37
38.
© Dr Simin
Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 38
39.
Figure 11.43 3-D model
isometric assembly drawing. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 39
40.
Isometric view of
a Frenier pump, illustrating the operation of a Frenier pump for lifting tailings at the standard mill. Drawing by Dana Lockett, 2001, courtesy of Historic American Engineering Record, National Park Service. © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 40
41.
Sketch the following
dimensioned isometric drawing. Dimensions are in inches. R=0.5 From Southbank International School © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 41
42.
Angle=60 1.0 Sketch the following
dimensioned isometric drawing. Dimensions are in inches. R=1 R=0.5 1.0 http://www.cadalyst.com © Dr Simin Nasseri Southern Polytechnic State University 42
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